Nature, Published online: 21 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11145-8
Salt marsh platforms resist erosion under extreme waves, but vegetation damage reduces wave attenuation; substantial wave attenuation by vegetation is mainly limited to low-energy marsh coasts with waves below 1 m.
Nature, Published online: 21 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11172-5
All-antiferromagnetic tunnel junctions can display both a large TMR and a reciprocal switching effect, octupole-driven spin-transfer torque, enabling nanoscale magnetic memory and potentially room-temperature terahertz spintronic devices.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4 is the epic conclusion of the Task Force 141 story, launching globally on October 23, 2026. Prior to this, the campaign went live in early access on October 16, followed by the extraction shooter mode, DMZ, on October 20.
This year's Call of Duty is made by Infinity Ward, coming after back-to-back years of Treyarch's Black Ops series. It's fair to say Modern Warfare 4 has a lot riding on it, but early reception has been excellent thanks to a return to form for the campaign.
Modern Warfare 4 is made up of three modes: Campaign, DMZ, and multiplayer, with shared progression across the latter two. Warzone will be integrated with Modern Warfare 4 on November 6, when Season 1 begins.
RTX Spark is NVIDIA's new local AI-focused Windows PC platform, combining Blackwell RTX graphics and Grace CPU technology into a single processor that brings secure LLMs, high-end creative workflows, and gaming performance to laptops and desktops. With that, NVIDIA positions RTX Spark as a new generation of Windows PCs, with Surface Laptop Ultra as the flagship device.
OEMs are also on board, with RTX Spark laptops launching alongside Microsoft's Surface from brands like HP, Dell, ASUS, and MSI. Our team at Windows Central has followed NVIDIA's efforts closely since its inception and has since gone hands-on with its wave of launch devices. This is everything we know so far about RTX Spark and what we expect to see in the future.
Santa Rosa, CA — October 2026 — Deposition Sciences, Inc. (DSI), a leader in advanced thin film coatings, proudly announces the introduction of a new 12″ × 30″ format for […]
The post Deposition Sciences, Inc. Expands Sunshade® Tape Offering with New 12″ × 30″ Format appeared first on SpaceNews.
When zoology professor Daniel Baldassarre traveled to the remote Galápagos Islands of Wolf and Darwin with two other researchers, getting there proved quite a challenge. With no beaches to land a boat on, they had to approach the islands’ cliffs in a small dinghy and wait for a lull in the waves before jumping onto sharp, black lava rocks.
But their efforts paid off. On that trip, they saw a bird that very few people have ever set eyes on in the wild: the vampire ground finch. These finches are only found on Wolf and Darwin, and feed on the blood of much larger birds called Nazca boobies that also live on the islands.
Up close, Baldassarre and his colleagues noted the vampire finches’ blood-stained bills and their throats visibly engorged with blood. They also saw them in action.
“We observed scores of vampire finches clamouring all over the backs, tails, and wings of boobies, opening up substantial wounds with their sharp beaks, and drinking their fill of blood,” they wrote in an article for The Conversation.
“Blood is a notoriously difficult food source to process and extract nutrients from, which probably partly explains why so few animals have evolved to feed on it,” Baldassarre tells Popular Science. He suspects that on these islands where freshwater is extremely rare, blood might serve as a water source for the finches.
It’s not the only component of the vampire finches’ diet, however. Based on unpublished data collected by Baldassarre and his colleagues, blood makes up about one-tenth of the vampire finches’ diet.
“These finches are quite opportunistic, so they will eat just about anything they can find,” Baldassarre says. “We observed them feeding on everything from seeds to insects to broken seabird eggs.”
One theory is that vampire finches rely more on blood feeding in periods of extreme drought, when other resources are scarce. But more research is needed to see if this idea holds up in practice.
Vampire finches weren’t always vampires, scientists think. The relationship between vampire finches and boobies probably started off with the finches eating parasites found on the skin and feathers of the boobies. This would have been mutually beneficial because it provided a cleaning service for the boobies and food for the finches.
But at some point in evolutionary history, in the process of picking off parasites, the finches started to create lesions on the boobies’ skin, and eventually began feeding on their blood.
Over time, their bills became more scalpel-like, perfect for making skin incisions. Their digestive system also changed. When Baldassarre and his colleagues studied the microbes found in vampire finches’ guts, they found that their gut microbiome was very different from that of other, non-blood-consuming finches on the Galápagos Islands, something they attribute to their unique diet.
Until recently, vampire finches were considered a subspecies of the sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis).
“But they have now been designated as their own species [Geospiza septentrionalis] because of the differences they have evolved because of blood feeding,” Baldassarre notes.
Baldassarre and his colleagues have seen vampire finches gang up on and kill nestling boobies,“but that was quite rare,” he points out.
“In most cases, the finches seem to inflict just enough damage to break the skin and extract some blood, but not too much to harm the boobies significantly.” This is similar to many parasite-host relationships, such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes on mammals. “You can kind of think of the vampire finches as giant mosquitoes,” Baldassarre says.
As seen in a segment on vampire finches in David Attenborough’s documentary A Perfect Planet, the boobies seem to tolerate the vampire finches rather than chasing them away. There are likely a few reasons for this, Baldassarre says.
“For one, as in large animals being bitten by mosquitoes, often the damage is minimal and not noticeable, so it doesn’t elicit a strong reaction. Also, the boobies sometimes have a vested interest in staying put and guarding their spot in the colony, or perhaps nest or nestlings, so may not want to fly away. Finally, the finches seem to target hard-to-reach areas on the boobies like the base of tail feathers, so it’s likely difficult for the boobies to deter them.”
I, for one, was feeling very sorry for the boobies being constantly hounded by these small vampire birds. Until I learnt that Nazca boobies practice something called “obligate siblicide,” which essentially means that the first-hatched chick routinely attacks and kills its younger sibling. It’s a harsh, bird-eat-bird world in the Galápagos Islands.
In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
The post Real-life vampire birds hunt and drink blood in remote Ecuador appeared first on Popular Science.
As Xbox gears up for its 25th anniversary, we're reflecting on an extraordinary journey that evolved into one of the industry's most influential brands. From the original Xbox and the success of Xbox Live to the impact of Xbox 360, Game Pass, cloud gaming, and an increasingly platform-agnostic future, the road has been anything but predictable.
Here at Windows Central, we're celebrating Xbox with editorials, retrospectives, and more opinion pieces exploring the brand's past, present, and future. Just as importantly, we'll look ahead, analyze Microsoft's strategy, and share our perspective on where Xbox could go from here as gaming continues to change.
Nature, Published online: 14 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11267-z
Author Correction: Wafer-scale epitaxy growth of high-mobility p-type boron carbon nitride
Nature, Published online: 14 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11176-1
A tetravalent nanobody-based myeloid-selective IL-10 receptor agonist recapitulates IL-10’s potent suppression of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells while avoiding stimulation of T cells.
Vast quantities of plastic and fishing gear are washing up along the shores of the Seychelles, destroying fragile ecosystems and causing significant economic problems.
Aldabra Atoll, a Unesco world heritage site in this archipelago nation of 115 islands, is estimated to have accumulated more than 500 tonnes of plastic on its shores alone. Most of this plastic debris continues to pile up along its beaches today. It was estimated that removing it would cost approximately US$4.68 million (£3.46 million) and would require 18,000 hours of labour.
Small island developing states are particularly vulnerable to plastic debris on their beaches. It can damage tourism and fishing in these coastal communities, which is essential to their economies. Clean-up costs can be prohibitive.
Fish and other marine life can also be killed by getting entangled with or ingesting plastic debris.
It is impossible to tackle this growing problem without knowing where this pollution is coming from and who is responsible. We investigated this in our recent study using computer simulations and observations, focusing on pollution in the western Indian Ocean from fisheries and shipping.
We found that most pollution probably comes from vessels in or near the Seychelles’ own waters. This challenges the assumption from previous work that island plastic mainly drifts in from distant shores.
We know fishing vessels lose nets and gear, and shipping vessels illegally discard plastic and other items. But to work out which vessels are responsible and where their debris ends up, we needed to know which ships and fishing boats operate near the Seychelles.
To do this, we used satellite tracking data from fishing and shipping vessels over five years (from 2018 to 2022) to estimate activity across the region. Using this map, we simulated the drift of billions of virtual pollution fragments and followed where they ended up.
From this we built a map showing how likely a given vessel location is to pose a risk to the Seychelles’ islands. We did this separately for fishing and shipping.
Our research shows, based on previous fishing activity, that most fishing gear that is swept up on the beaches of the Seychelles comes from fishing within its own exclusive economic zone. These are the waters, extending 200 nautical miles (370km) offshore, over which a state has exclusive control over marine resources, including fisheries.
These waters are full of tuna, and the Seychelles’ economy leans heavily on industrial fishing, both as an employer and as a large source of foreign currency.
It is likely that some of the gear and plastic waste is coming from EU vessels. The Seychelles’ waters are heavily fished by two types of European fishing boats, purse-seiners and longliners. This falls under a longstanding agreement between the EU and the Seychelles granting them the right to fish here. Purse-seiners circle around tuna schools with a large net, and longliners trail baited hooks over many kilometres.
Indeed, a report presented to the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission found that 76% of 214 of the drifting fish aggregating devices used by tuna fisheries to attract shoals of fish in the Seychelles’ exclusive economic zone were from Spanish-owned vessels. This is an industry making significant profits, while leaving behind environmental damage.
Recently, the Seychelles–EU fishing agreement was renewed for 2026–30 at €5,750,000 per year (£4.89 million), allowing 38 EU fishing vessels to operate in these waters. The Seychelles government is believed to have pushed for a 30% rise in this annual payment from the EU but it is believed they settled on 7%, according to some reports.
Given that the cost associated with cleaning up a single island already runs into millions, the Seychelles-EU deal is small compared to the indirect damages imposed on the nation.
International shipping creates other issues. Our study suggests that more than 90% of plastic being swept up on the Seychelles’ coast from shipping comes from just five lanes crossing the western Indian Ocean. The origin and destination ports of these lanes line up with the countries named on labels of plastic bottles washed ashore on Aldabra.
Debris from international shipping lanes requires a different solution. Unlike the tuna fleets fishing under the agreement between the Seychelles and the EU, this is international traffic passing by. A solution to the plastic waste coming from these ships would be more rigorous enforcement of existing international rules against dumping waste at sea, and bilateral cooperation between the Seychelles and the many nations whose ships use these routes.
Even simple measures could cut litter. For instance, ensuring vessels carry enough safe drinking water to reduce the use of plastic bottles should cut some debris found on Aldabra.
The true cost of cleaning up this huge level of plastic pollution tends not to fall on those who have left it there. The Seychelles needs to work out the cost of the damage being done by these mountains of waste to get a better deal in future negotiations with the EU.
That should help fund clean ups and repair the fragile ecosystems of the islands, helping to preserve them for the future.
Noam Vogt-Vincent received funding from the Natural Environment Research Council and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Alex Albinski does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Amazon is prepping this year's Prime Big Deal Days event with 48 hours of more exclusive deals, kicking off on Tuesday, October 6, at 12:01 AM PT (3:01 AM ET), and running until Wednesday, October 7, 2026. Naturally, Windows Central is here to hand-pick the discounts that are worth your time, so you won't miss out on the best laptops, PCs, and Xbox gaming bargains.
Once fall arrives, there's so much to get ready for — and Prime Big Deal Days makes it easy to check it all off while saving.
Carmen Nestares, VP of NA Marketing and Prime Tech
You'll need an active Amazon Prime membership (or a 30-day free trial) to take advantage of the exclusive tech deals, with new savings appearing as "Today's Big Deals" throughout the event, running until stock runs dry. Still, if anything sells out, we'll point you in the right direction for alternatives.
Amazon generally offers significant discounts on first-party hardware like Alexa smart speakers and Fire smart TVs, as well as a wide range of laptops and gaming accessories, but its competitors also offer savings on their own. Windows Central is here to find the best deals using our expertise and advice based on real-world experience, so check back often!
Yes, to enjoy all Prime Day discounts, you need a paid membership or, if you haven't previously registered, a 30-day free trial.
Amazon Prime: Free 30-day trial
New members can enjoy exclusive Prime Day discounts for free and cancel anytime. After the trial, membership is $14.99/month plus tax. Includes access to games via Prime Gaming alongside Prime Video and Prime Music.
In women's reproductive years, their brains are exposed to high levels of sex hormones, and their neurons may come to depend on those hormones to function optimally. But leading up to and after menopause, the ovaries produce far less estrogen and progesterone, raising concerns that this drop in hormones may contribute to women's dementia risk.
"We think that the loss of those hormones at menopause renders those neurons more vulnerable to age-related cellular decline and pathologies like Alzheimer's," said Karyn Frick, a neuroscientist and professor of psychological and brain sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
So, if falling hormone levels are a risk factor for dementia, could replacing those hormones help stave off the disease?
While the idea sounds logical on its face, studies that have looked at hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for dementia prevention have had mixed results. There are early hints that restoring estrogen during early menopause may protect brain health, but ultimately, more gold-standard clinical trials are needed to know for sure, experts told Live Science.
The idea that estrogen could help ward off dementia is plausible. Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than men are, and scientists think the loss of estrogen during menopause may be partly to blame, said Jennifer Bruno, an instructor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University.
Lab and animal studies buttress the idea that estrogen could protect brain health.
In the brain, estrogens act as neuromodulators, or chemical messengers that alter how neurons behave. Estrogen also helps neurons keep their shape. Estrogen loss in female mice triggers a drop in the number of dendritic spines — the small, bud-like bumps on neurons that receive chemical messages.
Researchers think that estrogen may help prevent the formation of the abnormal proteins — including one called amyloid beta — that accumulate, disrupt communication between neurons and ultimately kill cells in Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta is produced when a larger protein is cut the "wrong" way by an enzyme, Frick explained. Estrogen promotes the "normal" cutting of this protein, thus reducing amyloid beta, studies in lab mice show.
And estrogen may limit the buildup of a second Alzheimer's-related protein, called tau, by preventing the chemical processes that cause the tau proteins to clump together. This helps prevent the formation of tau tangles, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
The hormone may also support brain health indirectly by improving sleep quality.
"It's well documented that menopausal women have difficulty sleeping, whether it's due to hot flashes or insomnia," Frick said. Estrogen can ease those nighttime hot flashes, thus helping menopausal women get more, less-fragmented sleep. Deep rest may help the brain clean out toxic proteins, while research shows sleep deficiency is linked to Alzheimer's disease.
HRT for menopause comes in two main forms: treatments that include only estrogen, and combined therapies with both estrogen and progesterone. The treatment has a complicated history.
HRT was popular in the 1990s but fell out of favor after results from the Women's Health Initiative study were published in 2002. That study identified various risks tied to both estrogen-only and combined HRT options, some of which have since been overturned by newer data.
That said, the Women's Health Initiative study found that estrogen-only HRT came with an increased risk of endometrial cancers, and later analyses have backed up this idea. That's why today, clinical guidelines recommend that women who have not gotten a hysterectomy take combined HRT, while estrogen-only options are reserved for those who have had their uterus removed. (The added progesterone counteracts estrogen's thickening effect on the uterine lining.)
For the subset of women who take estrogen-only HRT, observational data published in August showed that this form of the treatment was linked to a reduced risk of dementia. The study, published in the journal Neurology, found that women who took estrogen-only HRT were less likely to show Alzheimer's-related changes in the brain than women who didn't take any HRT.
Estrogen-only HRT was also tied to better clinical outcomes: Treated women were less likely to be diagnosed with dementia, were less likely to show clinical and functional cognitive decline, and had better scores on memory tests, on average, compared with untreated women. These findings drew on two large, separate groups of older women, reporting data from 21,400 people in total, but they didn't include data on when each woman started HRT.
Whereas earlier studies of HRT and dementia risk relied on doctors' ratings of patients' symptoms, the Neurology study measured levels of Alzheimer's-related proteins in the brain after death. That's a more "definitive" marker of disease, said Bruno, a co-author of the study. However, the research was observational, so it can't say whether estrogen-only HRT directly causes the better brain outcomes the team observed, she stressed.
Although the Neurology study's findings are promising, they don't necessarily match the results of other studies of estrogen-only HRT and dementia. For example, a slightly larger observational study, published in 2023, found that estrogen-only HRT was associated with an increased dementia rate.
In that research, most of the women took a type of estrogen called estradiol, while Bruno's study included a greater variety of estrogens. That may have been the difference in the two studies' results, but teasing that out would require further study. Meanwhile, the conflicting findings muddy the waters of what estrogen-only HRT can do for brain health.
One big finding from the Women's Health Initiative study was that starting HRT — either estrogen-only or combined — after age 65 was associated with worse cognitive function and increased dementia risk, said Yuko Hara, director of aging and Alzheimer's prevention at the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation.
The same may not be true for people who start HRT earlier. For context, menopause starts around age 51 to 52, on average, and it's preceded by perimenopause, a transitional period when hormone levels begin to drop, typically around the mid-40s.
An observational study published in August in the journal Alzheimer's & Dementia found that starting HRT between ages 46 and 56 was linked to a reduced risk of dementia. That study did not differentiate between estrogen-only and combined treatment; it lumped all of the data together.
The protective link was especially strong in three groups: women with "surgical menopause," triggered by the removal of one or both ovaries; carriers of a certain variant of a gene called APOE that raises Alzheimer's risk; and women who had a relatively short time between their first period and menopause.
A 2024 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials also found that HRT had a cognitive benefit for women with surgical menopause; that finding was tied mostly to estrogen-only therapies.
However, outside of that specific group, the idea of early HRT protecting brain health is far from settled.
When it comes to using hormone replacement to protect brain health, the evidence isn't yet strong enough to recommend any kind of HRT as a way to protect the brain in all women, Hara said. Women who had one or both of their ovaries surgically removed are the exception to this rule.
"This is a distinct clinical population because the procedure can cause an abrupt, early loss of estrogen, rather than the gradual hormonal decline that occurs with natural menopause," Hara said.
For most women who have gone through natural menopause, "there is not enough evidence to recommend [HRT] specifically for preventing cognitive decline or dementia," she said.
HRT is not currently prescribed to prevent dementia — it is prescribed to ease menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats and sleep disturbances. To settle the science on HRT and the brain, what's really needed is a well-designed clinical trial that follows women from perimenopause to postmenopause, Bruno said. That would reveal the effects of HRT on brain health and dementia risk more reliably than the studies done so far.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice.
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In a multicat household, it's common to see one cat licking another. When some people see this behavior, known as allogrooming ("allo" means "another individual"), they assume it's a sign of friendship.
But is that really the case? Are there hidden, more complex reasons for why cats lick each other?
While research into allogrooming is ongoing, scientists have suggested different explanations for why cats lick each other, including some social reasons and some more practical ones.
The historical view, based on observations of free-roaming-cat colonies, was that allogrooming is a sign of affection and helps cats create and maintain bonds with other cats in their social group, perhaps by creating a shared group smell.
But a 1998 study of 25 cats living together in an indoor-outdoor enclosure poked holes in this theory. The study found that aggressive behavior showed up in about 35% of allogrooming sessions, which suggested that allogrooming might not be about friendship. Instead, the authors proposed, it may help to defuse a tense situation in a confined space, where an actual fight would be too risky.
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To investigate, Morgane Van Belle, a cat behavior scientist at Ghent University in Belgium, and her colleagues analyzed videos of allogrooming from 53 two-cat homes. They concluded that allogrooming may have different social functions, depending on the situation.
The team noticed that the cats sometimes licked each other while huddling together and copying one another's body postures. In these moments, allogrooming probably helps strengthen social bonds, the researchers proposed. Most licking was directed toward the ears; this may help cats relax because the skin there is rich in sensory nerve endings, Van Belle said. Allogrooming produces a relaxing effect in other animals too. For example, it lowers the heart rate in horses and triggers the release of feel-good hormones in monkeys.
They also noted that allogrooming sometimes led to friendly wrestling, in which the cats grabbed each other with their front legs and tumbled around. This suggests that allogrooming may serve as a signal to start play.
In other situations, however, the researchers noticed that allogrooming was followed by behaviors linked to conflict, such as turning the ears backward, pawing, and biting. In these cases, one cat would stand or lean over the other, and both cats showed subtle signs of stress like lip licking, head shaking or self-scratching.
Based on these observations, Van Belle's team think that allogrooming may be an "appeasement signal" in fraught moments that could lead to conflict or injury, for example, when one cat wants to take over a sleeping spot already occupied by another. They think it possible that the licking helps to calm things down and keeps a spat from turning into a real fight. Similar behavior has been seen in meerkats, where subordinate individuals groom dominant ones to placate them.
Yet because this licking often targets the neck — the same area cats bite during fights — it also may signal a subtle aggressive threat, the researchers suggested.
Van Belle and her colleagues think that, beyond sending social signals, allogrooming may help with hygiene. After all, it's often aimed at the head and neck — the areas that are "least accessible for the cat itself during grooming," Van Belle said. Allogrooming is thought to have a hygienic function in other species too. For example, ants achieve colony-level hygiene by grooming heavily infected individuals more, and primates concentrate their grooming on body parts the recipient can't easily reach. When it comes to cats, however, more research is needed. Van Belle's study did not measure parasites, infections or skin cleanliness to see whether such grooming actually reduces dirt or bugs.
Dr. Terry Curtis, a veterinary behaviorist who has studied how often allogrooming happens, also thinks cats might groom each other for hygiene reasons. She wonders whether feral cats, who likely carry more fleas than house cats, might have a different allogrooming pattern.
The explanations proposed by Van Belle and colleagues are reasonable but not definitive, Curtis said. Because so many factors can shape a cat's behavior, she's skeptical that researchers will ever be able to say with real confidence exactly why one cat grooms another.
After working as a veterinary behaviorist for 25 years, Curtis has concluded it is often impossible to understand what's going on in a cat's mind.
"Congratulations, you got a cat," she said. "Let the mystery begin.”
How much of a cat fan are you? Find out by taking our cat quiz!
Princeton’s PACMAN AI can control fusion plasma in milliseconds and predict dangerous instabilities before they start. In some fusion energy systems, particles can reach temperatures hotter than the center of the Sun. The challenge is keeping that extreme plasma under control, because disturbances can develop within just a few thousandths of a second, much faster [...]
Nature, Published online: 09 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10468-w
Eight integrated mutational footprints collectively explain the mutational processes in 85% of primary prostate cancer genomes.
Nature, Published online: 09 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02840-7
A genome-rewriting approach known as adenine base editing offers a precise way to investigate gene function in early human embryos.
Modeled data now fills the gaps left by signal loss, and mistaking estimates for measurements can lead to costly budget misallocation.
The post When Attribution Looks More Precise Than The Data Behind It appeared first on Search Engine Journal.
Nature, Published online: 05 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10890-0
The RNA-binding protein ZFP36L2 mediates stress-adaptive plasticity in intestinal regeneration and colorectal cancer metastasis.
Nature, Published online: 05 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10830-y
A clinically annotated multi-omic organoid resource with matched tumour samples from 256 patients across 5 cancers maps gene dependencies, reveals subtype-specific vulnerabilities and uncovers treatment-driven changes, expanding mechanistic insight and models for precision oncology.
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