The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has granted US aerospace and defense company BETA Technologies a first-of-its-kind authorization to conduct flights with prospective customers aboard its electric vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, marking a significant step toward commercial operations.

The approval, granted under a Special Airworthiness Certificate for market surveys, allows the aerospace and defence company to demonstrate its ALIA A250 aircraft to prospective operators and other participants. It also expands the geographic scope of the company’s flight operations.

The authorization comes after a safety review by FAA experts and represents a step toward commercial deployment, although the aircraft has not yet received full type certification for routine commercial service.

BETA completed its first flight under the new authorization on October 20, traveling 34 nautical miles (39 miles) in 20 minutes.

First authorized demonstration flight

The ALIA A250 departed Plattsburgh International Airport in New York, taking off vertically before transitioning to conventional wing-borne flight. It then landed vertically at Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport in Vermont.

Designed to operate with or without runway access, the aircraft can potentially support passenger transportation, cargo delivery, medical services and defense operations. It features dual pilot controls and is designed to carry up to five passengers or more than 1,200 pounds of cargo.

According to BETA, the A250 shares several major systems with its conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) aircraft, including electric propulsion, flight control computers, batteries and charging infrastructure.

The common architecture allows the company to apply operational experience and technical improvements across both aircraft.

BETA said its CTOL and VTOL aircraft have accumulated more than 250,000 nautical miles of combined flight experience.

The company previously received FAA market-survey authorization for its CTOL aircraft and completed its first crewed electric VTOL transition flight in 2024.

“This authorization brings vertical flight closer to the people and places that will put it to work, building on BETA’s track record of industry firsts,” said Kyle Clark, BETA’s founder and CEO.

The latest certificate permits market-survey flights rather than unrestricted commercial passenger services. BETA must still complete the FAA’s full certification process before beginning routine commercial operations.

Expanding electric aviation operations

The US government is working to accelerate the testing and integration of advanced air mobility aircraft into national airspace.

In March, Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy announced the eVTOL Integration Pilot Program (eIPP), which supports testing of next-generation aircraft in real-world operating environments.

The program includes eight selected projects spanning 28 states, involving aircraft manufacturers, operators and government partners.

The projects cover urban air taxis, regional passenger transportation, cargo networks, emergency medical response, autonomous flight and offshore transportation.

The FAA said BETA’s authorization would allow the company to demonstrate its aircraft across a broader range of operating conditions, subject to applicable restrictions.

“The FAA is committed to working with American innovators to safely integrate these new aircraft into our national airspace, while maintaining the rigorous safety standards that have made the United States a global leader in aviation,” said FAA Administrator Bryan Bedford.

BETA is continuing flight testing and working toward full type certification as it prepares its electric aircraft for potential commercial applications.

Dead internet theory could soon become a reality in the literal sense. Two critical vulnerabilities in PHP, the programming language powering an estimated 70% of websites, have triggered an emergency security response. OpenAI says its GPT-5.6 Sol model helped uncover one of the flaws, highlighting how advanced models can expose weaknesses across the internet before attackers exploit them.

Both vulnerabilities received severity scores of 9.2 out of 10. PHP released emergency patches on Wednesday, October 21, following weeks of coordinated work among researchers and software maintainers. The immediate concern is whether website administrators can secure vulnerable servers before hackers turn the newly disclosed flaws into widespread attacks.

How OpenAI found the flaws

OpenAI detailed the discovery in a Wednesday blog post about its Patch the Planet initiative. The effort brought together software maintainers, security researchers and infrastructure providers to prepare fixes before public disclosure.

A self-described hacker team called Calif used GPT-5.6 Sol to identify one of the vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity firm Wiz independently discovered and reported both flaws, according to OpenAI.

PHP’s development team led the patching effort, with OpenAI, Wiz and Cloudflare contributing research and technical support. The vulnerabilities required extensive coordination because their impact could extend across countless independently operated websites and servers.

OpenAI said frontier models identified the flaws before attackers did, giving defenders time to prepare. That window matters because publishing technical details can help other researchers understand a vulnerability, but it can also give hackers a starting point.

Hackers could seize server control

The vulnerabilities can enable remote code execution, allowing an attacker to run malicious commands on an affected server. Depending on the server’s configuration and permissions, a successful attack could expose sensitive information or compromise the system.

PHP’s official security advisory urges users to update immediately. The release includes fixes for supported branches, with emergency updates also available for certain older versions. Administrators should check PHP’s official guidance to identify the correct package for their installations.

Security experts are already concerned about attempts to weaponize the flaws. WatchTowr reproduced one of the exploits, while its head of threat intelligence, Jake Knott, warned that attacks could escalate quickly.

“As expected, watchTowr Intel is already observing in-the-wild exploitation of the latest PHP vulnerabilities,” Knott said in an email Wednesday morning, as reported by CNET. He added that nobody had succeeded at that point, but warned, “we don’t expect that will last long.”

Cloudflare Chief Technology Officer Dane Knecht said Wednesday that the company had deployed a fix to its firewall. The US National Security Agency also urged organizations to prepare for immediate updates. It advised taking affected systems offline if administrators could not patch them promptly.

Finding bugs is only half

OpenAI’s disclosure points to a growing tension in cybersecurity. More capable models can help researchers uncover deeply embedded flaws, but attackers may also use similar tools to develop exploits faster.

If you are wondering whether your website is affected, we have packaged a Codex skill to help check.

Point your Codex at this repo to guide you through it: https://t.co/XUEbOwXuQC https://t.co/BDaIIaJ4yK

— OpenAI (@OpenAI) October 21, 2026

The company acknowledged that risk directly, warning that the same capabilities can help malicious actors build offensive tools. It expects discoveries of similarly consequential vulnerabilities to increase sharply in the coming months.

Finding a flaw, however, does not automatically secure the internet. Software maintainers must develop reliable patches, hosting providers need to deploy protections, and website operators must update systems they control. Older installations can complicate that process, particularly when administrators cannot upgrade immediately.

The PHP incident also shows why coordinated disclosure matters. Researchers spent weeks working with maintainers and security providers before releasing details that could help defenders and attackers alike.

That preparation has now given website operators a path to remediation. The remaining uncertainty is how quickly they can act before attackers turn public knowledge of the flaws into widespread compromises.

Australian researchers said non-recyclable landfill waste could help produce low-carbon cement.

Using refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to produce cement could help reduce the carbon footprint of the industry, which relies heavily on fossil fuels.

The researchers said clearer standards would be essential to support wider and more responsible use of waste-derived fuels.

Australian researchers said non-recyclable landfill waste could help produce low-carbon cement.

​Using refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to produce cement could help reduce the carbon footprint of the industry, which relies heavily on fossil fuels.

​Cement manufacturing accounts for an estimated 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, largely because key ingredients must be fired in massive kilns at extreme temperatures.

​Researchers are turning to waste as fuel to decarbonize cement manufacturing.

​RDF is made from processed non-recyclable waste. Cement kilns can use these fuels alongside traditional fuels in a process called co-processing.

Waste to fuel

​Researchers at the University of Adelaide studied whether fuel made from non-recyclable waste could make cement production cleaner and reduce waste sent to landfills.

​They conducted a literature review of more than 200 research articles published between 1991 and July 2025.

​The findings showed growing interest in RDF as a way to reduce landfill waste and cut fossil fuel use in cement production.

​Based on her analysis, Geethmi Thisakya, a PhD candidate in the School of Civil Engineering and Construction at the university, said that waste management could be linked with industrial decarbonization.

​”Previous research has highlighted the potential of refuse-derived fuel to turn suitable waste materials into a useful resource rather than sending them to landfill,” she said.

Need for clear, consistent standards

​However, she cautioned that a simple fuel replacement would not suffice.

​For RDF to help cut carbon emissions, it will need consistent quality, clear regulations, and stronger evidence of its environmental and economic impacts, the study said.

​The study also examined challenges that could affect the use of waste-derived fuels in cement production.

It found widespread confusion between refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and solid recovered fuel (SRF), a more standardized form of waste-derived fuel.

Although both can be used in cement manufacturing, inconsistent terminology and differing quality standards make it difficult to compare studies, interpret regulations, and ensure consistent fuel quality.

The researchers said clearer standards would be essential to support wider and more responsible use of waste-derived fuels.

“Cement manufacturers need confidence that alternative fuels will perform consistently, meet environmental requirements and support safe, reliable production,” Thisakya said.

​However, she cautioned that more work is needed before the cement industry can confirm RDF as a reliable alternative to fossil fuels.

​”Developing stronger quality assurance systems and clearer regulatory frameworks will help industry make informed decisions about using waste-derived fuels.”

​The findings were published in the International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation.

​Meanwhile, scientists at ETH Zurich are turning to some of the smallest living organisms on Earth to build sustainable cities, using biocement as an alternative to reduce the industry’s carbon footprint.

​Researchers developed a 3D bio-printing process for biocement elements using a custom bio-ink made of water, natural gums, sand, and live bacteria.

In a second approach, they use a robotic arm to spray alternating layers of sand, bacteria, and mineralizing agents onto surfaces to produce biocement.

​

The United States is eyeing eight nuclear power plants with a combined capacity of 6 gigawatts (GW) that would be refueled on power, eliminating plant shutdowns and enabling continuous operation.

​According to a press statement, the eight sites would adopt Canadian reactor designs based on CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) technology.

Unlike conventional reactors that are fueled by enriched uranium, the CANDU reactors are fueled by natural uranium. They use heavy water (deuterium oxide) as moderator and coolant and are designed for large-scale electricity generation.

Replacing gas plants

To evaluate deployment scenarios for the project, the State of Indiana, Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative, and AtkinsRéalis Group, a Canadian company that holds the manufacturing and licensing rights for CANDU technology, signed a memorandum of understanding Monday.

The agreement follows the nuclear company’s letter of intent, submitted in June this year to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to begin licensing its technology in the USA.

​”This collaboration demonstrates the value of working with our American partners to address shared energy challenges and explore solutions that strengthen energy security, support skilled jobs and deliver lasting benefits to communities in the state,” said Joe St Julian, President, Nuclear, at AtkinsRéalis.

According to the MoU, the evaluation would consider a potential gas-to-nuclear construction model to accelerate the deployment of new nuclear power capacity. This means existing gas power sites, including those that have been retired or are expected to close soon, would also be considered for conversion rather than starting from scratch.

​No project timeline

However, the US government has not yet announced any potential project timeline.

Multiple factors, including site selection, financing, utility or offtake arrangements, applicable regulatory and licensing activities, environmental review, transmission and interconnection planning, community and stakeholder engagement, and other diligence and approvals, are likely to influence the project timeline, the MoU stated.

​If built, the project would strengthen grid resilience and energy security, while providing reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable electricity to American homes and industries.

​The first CANDU reactor came online at Rolphinton, Ontario, in 1962 with a gross capacity of only 25 MWe. Since then, the technology has come a long way.

The company has built nearly 34 units worldwide, nearly half of which are in Canada. Other reactors operated by the nuclear company are located in Romania, Argentina, South Korea, and China.

​Earlier this week, Amazon backed plans for a 960-megawatt nuclear power facility in Indiana that could house 12 small modular reactors (SMRs) at the site of a former coal-fired power plant.

​The design for the project uses TRISO fuel, which contains uranium particles surrounded by several protective layers, including high-temperature ceramic materials. These layers are designed to retain radioactive materials even under extreme operating conditions.

A new uncrewed air system (UAS) successfully intercepted multiple one-way attack drones. The modified version of T-150 Uncrewed Air System (UAS) conducted the mission during a US Office of the Under Secretary for Research & Engineering (OUSW) experiment.

Developed by BAE Systems subsidiary Malloy Aeronautics, the TRV-150 was equipped with a three-pod launcher firing BAE Systems’ laser-guided APKWS rockets to engage several targets in succession without landing or reloading.

Low-cost precision weapons integrated onto uncrewed platforms

The trials, conducted alongside BAE Systems Maryland-based partner, SURVICE Engineering, demonstrated how low-cost precision weapons can be integrated onto uncrewed platforms to counter the growing drone threats on the battlefield.

“Our customers are facing drone threats right now, so we’ve worked at pace with our partners to move from concept to a proven system, which can engage multiple targets in a single mission,” said Thomas Lancashire, Head of UAS Business Development, BAE Systems’ FalconWorks.

“Military technology is evolving faster than ever and it’s vital that effective capabilities reach those who protect us as quickly as possible. In today’s environment, the speed at which we deliver equipment can be just as important as the system itself,” added Lancashire.

First-ever single-shot firing of a precision munition from T-150

The company revealed that these latest tests build on the first-ever single-shot firing of a precision munition from an adapted T-150 in July last year, extending that capability through the use of a production-ready three-pod launcher system to engage with air targets.

“Supporting the warfighter has been at the core of SURVICE’s mission since its founding over 45 years ago. Bringing the TRV-150 to the US warfighter and now adding APKWS as a proven, precise, and cost-effective capability to our TRV-150 UAS platform is exactly the type of innovation SURVICE was designed to deliver,” said Gregory Thompson, President SURVICE.

Besides its counter-drone role, the platform has also already been deployed with UK armed forces to deliver tactical logistics, most notably with the Royal Navy’s Carrier Strike Group where it carried supplies between ships throughout its eight-month Indo-Pacific deployment last year. The version of the Malloy T-150 involved in these air-to-air targeting trials, known as the TRV-150, was adapted to meet the US Army requirements by industry partner SURVICE Engineering whilst the APKWS modification kit was developed and integrated by BAE Systems FalconWorks division, according to a press release.

SURVICE Engineering is one of several industry partners working with BAE Systems around the world to develop tactical counter-drone systems, combining agility, affordability and operational flexibility within a multi-role configurable concept. The team will now look to build on this success to extend the T-150’s use in this way to the maritime environment, with the aim of ultimately helping protect customers from similar threats at sea, as per the release.

A portable metal-casting kit developed at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM) is taking one of manufacturing’s oldest industrial processes past traditional foundries and into classrooms, public events, and even local bars.

The compact demo, Known as ‘Foundry in a Box,’ lets participants safely cast molten tin into small souvenirs like keychains, delivering a hands-on introduction to the fundamentals of metal casting.

Designed as an outreach tool, the portable setup condenses a process normally associated with large industrial facilities into a compact, transportable unit. Wearing protective gloves and safety goggles, participants pour molten tin into molds and leave with a finished metal keepsake while learning how casting underpins products used across the automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing industries.

Unlike machining, which removes material from a larger piece, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold and allowing it to solidify into a desired shape. The method can produce components with complex geometries and remains a key part of manufacturing, from small hardware to large industrial machinery.

“Metal casting is everywhere,” said Swaroop Behera, a doctoral engineering student at UWM who has expanded the initiative. “So long as anyone is making something out of any metal, metal casting is going to be there.”

Making manufacturing more accessible

The project aims to expose students and the general public to manufacturing technologies that often receive little attention in traditional science and engineering education.

While ‘Foundry in a Box’ had existed previously, Behera helped broaden its reach after becoming president of UWM’s student chapter of the American Foundry Society. The team has since brought the portable foundry to schools, university events, and community venues, growing participation from a handful of students to hundreds each year.

The initiative has also attracted interest from educators. A presentation on the portable casting system at a Wisconsin Technology Education Association conference reportedly drew a standing-room-only audience.

According to Behera, letting participants build an object with their own hands makes manufacturing concepts easier to understand and encourages greater interest in engineering disciplines.

Supporting next-gen manufacturing engineers

The outreach effort has also received recognition from industry. The Foundry Educational Foundation, which strengthens ties between universities and the metal-casting industry, established a graduate fellowship at UWM after seeing the program’s success. Behera became its first recipient.

Alongside the outreach initiative, Behera’s doctoral research focuses on developing aluminum alloys that could replace titanium in certain high-temperature applications—a development that could eventually benefit industries looking for lighter, high-performance materials, including aerospace and advanced manufacturing.

Titanium is valued for its strength and high-temperature performance, but it can be expensive to process. Developing aluminum alloys that perform under demanding conditions could offer manufacturers another material option, although any replacement would depend on the specific application and its performance requirements.

Although his plans remain open, Behera says he hopes to keep connecting engineering research with practical applications while encouraging more students to explore manufacturing careers.

“Science has gone really far ahead, and technology is playing catch-up—that’s where materials science comes in,” he said. “You’re always trying to figure out and solve a specific problem for a given industry.”

A new heat treatment invented by scientists in Germany could give old jet engine blades a second life, reduce the need for expensive replacements, and conserve critical raw materials.

Introduced by scientists at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, the method uses high-pressure gas and heat to fix microscopic damage inside jet turbine blades. It could reportedly store the blades to their original state after 5,000 flight missions.

According to the team, the novel technology could make the blades suitable for reuse even years after mechanical stress, and exposure at extreme temperatures above 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius).

The initiative is part of a three-year project known as Second_Life, which began in August 2026. It also brings together the German Aerospace Center (DLR), aircraft engine repair specialist Lufthansa Technik, heat and surface treatment company Aalberts Surface Technologies, and metal-processing firm Otto Fuchs.

Restoring turbine blades

Jet engine blades are made to handle extreme temperatures that can sometimes exceed 2,732 degrees Fahrenheit (1,500 degrees Celsius), even above the melting point of the materials themselves. They also withstand rotational speeds of up to 16,000 RPM and enormous centrifugal forces.

They are produced from single-crystal nickel-based superalloys. Their atoms form a continuous crystal structure without grain boundaries, which could weaken the material at high temperatures. However, even these materials degrade.

Over time, the extreme conditions alter the blades’ internal structure and weaken them by creating tiny pores within it. First-stage turbine blades are often replaced after about 5,000 flight missions, equivalent to about three to six years of service.

“During turbine operation, the blades are subjected to tensile stress caused by rotational centrifugal forces at high temperatures and are damaged by what is known as creep fatigue,” Sebastian Weber, PhD, a researcher at the university, and study co-author, said.

To address the challenge, the scientists turned to a method known as hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The process involves heating damaged components under uniform gas pressure before rapidly cooling them.

It could potentially close the microscopic pores and restore the material’s original structure without destroying its single-crystal properties. “The restoration of the microstructure and mechanical properties is to be achieved through hot isostatic pressing, or HIP for short,” Louis Becker, PhD, another scientist at the university who helped lead the study, added.

Aviation sustainability

To test the technique, the team will first recreate real-world turbine blade damage at the German Aerospace Center. They will expose samples to high temperatures and mechanical stress to induce controlled creep-fatigue damage.

The samples will then undergo hot isostatic pressing at Ruhr University Bochum, where the researchers will determine the best treatment conditions and examine changes in the material’s microstructure. Subsequent mechanical tests will assess whether the treatment can restore the blades’ original performance.

The team’s ultimate goal is to prove that the damaged turbine blades can safely return to service after treatment and recoating. The technology has the potential to reduce the demand for newly produced turbine blades.

“By extending the service life of turbine blades, we can reduce both the demand for newly manufactured components and the associated consumption of energy and raw materials,” Weber concluded in a press release.

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Tuesday Labs, a New York City robotics lab and design studio, has opened reservations for Voxel, a bipedal home robot meant to learn and take over routine household tasks. A $200 reservation holds a spot, while full pricing is expected to be around $20,000 when Voxel ships sometime in 2028, The Verge reported.

The company calls it a “droid butler.” The Series-1 model joins other household robots, such as Weave Robotics’ Isaac 1, that aim to handle chores beyond mopping or vacuuming floors.

Arms, eyes and backward knees

Voxel’s main tools are two highly articulated arms with seven degrees of freedom. Each ends in a simple gripper, not the dexterous fingered hand found on machines such as Boston Dynamics’ Atlas. The arms extend from the top of a torso that also serves as the head, which has a small mouth.

Pixelated, animated eyes sit near the robot’s waist, well below a hidden pair of stereo RGB cameras. A separate wide-field camera lets Voxel monitor an entire room.

It walks on a pair of Z-shaped legs with knees that bend opposite to human knees. The design is intentional, allowing the robot to bend its knees for balance and to raise or lower its height while standing close to kitchen cabinets, tables and shelves.

In all, Voxel is mostly humanoid, with a few liberties. It trades finger dexterity for simpler grippers and puts its face lower on its body than a human would.

What it is meant to do

Tuesday Labs’ website details the hardware at length but says less about capabilities and household benefits. Voxel is meant to handle basic autonomous tasks, including decluttering and putting things back where they belong. It is also meant to handle routine chores such as watering plants, fetch items like books and help locate lost objects. For example, a user could ask where Voxel last saw the TV remote.

At launch, Voxel will not cook dinner or change diapers. The Verge noted that if it can reliably remember where you left your keys, people with bad short-term memories might find a reason to justify its steep price.

What to know before reserving

The $200 reservation is separate from the roughly $20,000 full price. Voxel is expected to ship “sometime in 2028,” the report said, so buyers would wait at least a year or more for a unit.

The US Army has awarded the Javelin Joint Venture, a partnership between Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, a $215 million contract to produce a new generation of launch units for its Javelin anti-tank missile system. The Lightweight Command Launch Unit (LWCLU) is designed to give soldiers improved target-detection capabilities in a smaller, lighter package while remaining compatible with existing and future Javelin missiles.

Announced on October 19, the production contract comes five months after the joint venture delivered its first LWCLUs to the Army. The new launcher is intended to replace the legacy Command Launch Unit (CLU), modernizing a key part of a weapon system used by US forces and international customers.

The upgrade focuses on the equipment soldiers use to find, identify, and engage targets, rather than introducing an entirely new missile. That distinction matters because the launcher’s sensors and targeting interface are central to how the Javelin system operates on the battlefield.

Smaller launcher with 2x target-detection range

The LWCLU is 30% smaller and 25% lighter than the existing Block I Command Launch Unit, according to the companies. It also doubles the target-detection and recognition range, helping soldiers spot and identify potential threats from farther away.

The launcher is more than a housing for the missile. It incorporates the sighting and fire-control equipment used to observe the battlefield, acquire a target, and prepare the weapon for launch. The LWCLU’s updated sensors, displays, and image processing are intended to provide clearer imagery and improve target recognition, including during nighttime operations.

The weight reduction is also significant for infantry. Soldiers may need to carry the launcher over difficult terrain while moving between positions, so a smaller and lighter unit can reduce the physical burden without requiring a change to the missiles themselves.

How Javelin launcher works

The Javelin system consists of a reusable command launch unit and a separate missile housed in a launch tube. The launcher provides the operator with the imaging and targeting interface, while the missile carries its own guidance system.

Once a target is acquired and the missile is launched, Javelin uses an imaging infrared seeker to guide itself toward the target. This fire-and-forget approach lets the operator move after firing instead of continuously steering the missile. Javelin can also attack armored vehicles from above, targeting their comparatively vulnerable upper surfaces, or use a direct-attack mode against other targets.

The LWCLU is designed to work with past, current, and future Javelin variants. That compatibility allows the Army to upgrade the equipment used to operate the weapon without requiring an entirely new missile family.

Production ramps up after initial deliveries

The contract follows earlier investment in the manufacturing process. Raytheon said in May that it invested $22 million to modernize its LWCLU factory in Tucson, Arizona, the increase production speed and capacity. The Javelin Joint Venture also manufactures the system with Lockheed Martin in Orlando, Florida.

The partnership said it has produced more than 55,000 Javelin missiles and over 12,000 reusable command launch units to date. The latest contract supports the transition from initial deliveries toward broader production of the upgraded launcher.

For the Army, the improvement is a relatively focused modernization: better target observation and recognition, less equipment weight, and continued compatibility with an established missile system.

As militaries place greater emphasis on infantry mobility and rapid target identification, upgrading the launcher could extend the usefulness of the Javelin without requiring soldiers to learn an entirely new weapon system.

A wind turbine standing nearly 1,200 feet tall has reached its full height in eastern Germany, creating a new approach to capturing wind energy at elevations where winds are stronger and more consistent. 

Developed by German engineering company GICON for the Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation, or SPRIND, the pilot turbine in Schipkau is designed to test whether going dramatically higher can produce substantially more electricity from the same amount of wind infrastructure.

The structure reaches 1,197 feet, including its blades, making it Germany’s second-tallest structure after Berlin’s TV tower. GICON says the design could eventually generate roughly twice as much electricity as a conventional turbine with the same rotor diameter, although that estimate still needs to be demonstrated in operation.

A wind turbine built to reach higher

The main idea behind GICON’s design is to go where the wind is better. Wind speeds generally increase with altitude, while higher elevations can also provide more consistent wind conditions. Hence, a turbine operating hundreds of meters above the ground has access to a larger and potentially more reliable energy resource than a conventional turbine.

The Schipkau pilot has a rated capacity of 3.8 megawatts, while future versions are expected to exceed 7 MW. The company’s projected doubling in energy output refers to electricity generated over time, rather than the turbine’s maximum rated power.

Reaching that altitude, however, required GICON to rethink how such a turbine could be constructed. Instead of using a conventional crane capable of reaching the top of the tower, the company used a telescoping tower design. 

A specialized lifting mechanism raised the inner tower through a surrounding lattice structure before securing it at its final height. GICON founder and CEO Jochen Grosmann described reaching 1,197 feet as a major milestone for the project, which began as a concept before becoming a full-scale pilot facility.

Adding power without new wind farms

One of the more interesting possibilities is that high-altitude turbines could eventually be added to existing wind farms rather than requiring entirely new sites. GICON and SPRIND envision the systems operating as a second tier of wind generation, with the taller turbines positioned above conventional wind turbines. Therefore, their rotors would operate at higher elevations while existing turbines continue generating electricity below.

According to the current assessment, Germany could potentially accommodate as many as 4,000 high-altitude turbines within existing wind farms. If the concept works as expected, that could allow additional electricity generation without expanding wind farms into new areas, while also making better use of existing grid connections and developed wind-energy sites.

While the completion of the structure marks an important achievement, the more important test is still ahead, as official commissioning is planned for November, after the remaining construction work is completed. 

Once operational, the turbine will provide the data needed to determine whether the additional height delivers the expected increase in energy production and whether the benefits justify the additional engineering complexity.

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Moog and Niron Magnetics will showcase their rare-earth-free actuator solutions at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) 2026 Annual Meeting and Exposition in Washington, D.C., in October.

At the event, the companies plan to demonstrate their work using Niron’s Iron Nitride permanent magnets, which convert electrical signals into mechanical motion. The promising technology is being tested for applications including land vehicles and guided munitions.

“The Army is transforming quickly, and the systems soldiers rely on can only move as fast as the supply chains behind them,” said Ryan Aures, Moog Land and Sea Systems engineering director, in a press release. “Our work with Niron is about making sure a disruption never stands between the warfighter and the capability they need.”

The project builds on a collaboration between Moog and Niron announced in December 2025. Moog is testing and qualifying Niron’s Iron Nitride permanent magnets in electromechanical actuators, which would reduce dependency on critical minerals – an innovative solution to a global problem.

Iron Nitride removes rare earth elements

Almost every precision system the Army depends on contains rare earth. “Today almost all of that supply runs through a single foreign source,” said Jonathan Rowntree, CEO of Niron Magnetics.

According to an October 2025 report from the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), “China controls up to 90 percent of the world’s critical-mineral processing capacity, including more than 99 percent of processing for three rare earths needed for heat-resistant magnets,” CFR said.

Niron claims that its Iron Nitride technology can produce permanent magnets without rare earth materials–which would eliminate the problem in a world scrambling to move manufacturing to domestic soil.

Critical minerals are used in products ranging from smartphones and vehicles to advanced weapons systems including the F-35.

US moves to expand domestic magnet supply

The U.S. government has also taken steps to expand domestic rare-earth production. According to CFR, the Department of Defense took a 15 percent stake in U.S.-based rare-earth producer MP Materials for $400 million in July 2025.

The Moog-Niron project takes a different approach by developing permanent magnets that do not require rare-earth materials, which would be the ultimate shutdown response to the entire situation if the Army just eliminated the need.

According to the company’s release, Niron has been producing Iron Nitride magnets and conducting customer qualification since 2025. The company expects to begin commercial production within the next 18 months.

Niron says its magnets are already being used in applications spanning artificial intelligence infrastructure, automotive products, industrial equipment and consumer electronics.

For the defense project, Moog is testing and qualifying the magnets specifically in electromechanical actuator systems.

Technology headed to AUSA 2026

The companies will jointly present the technology at Moog’s booth during AUSA 2026. Moog and Niron plan to display Iron Nitride magnets installed in tested motor hardware. The companies said attendees can also speak with engineers about integration, qualification timelines, and supply availability.

Niron, meanwhile, is working to commercialize its Iron Nitride permanent magnets through its proprietary manufacturing platform.

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Japanese scientists may have found a surprisingly simple way to predict how some unusual materials behave by looking at the size of their crystal structure.

In their latest study, they claim that this structural measurement can predict magnetic ground states across a family of unusual materials more consistently than the electron-counting method scientists have traditionally relied on. 

This could make the search for unusual magnetic materials less of a guessing game. 

Until now, the challenge has been that quasicrystals and related materials have extremely complex atomic arrangements, making it difficult to find a single rule that works across different chemical compositions. 

“Quasicrystals are among the most uniquely structured materials discovered to date and are expected to exhibit novel magnetic states and quantum phenomena not found in ordinary crystals. Until now, there has been no unified guideline for systematically exploring these novel phenomena in quasicrystals and their approximate crystals,” Farid Labib, first study author and assistant professor at Tokyo University of Science, said.

The new study suggests that a crystal’s size could provide that missing common measure when researchers search for unconventional magnetism.

Looking beyond the electron count

The researchers focused on Tsai-type approximant crystals. These materials mimic important structural features of quasicrystals while having a repeating crystal structure that can be studied experimentally. 

Their atoms form nested clusters, with rare-earth elements such as terbium, dysprosium and holmium occupying positions that carry magnetic moments.

Researchers have often used the valence-electron concentration, or the number of valence electrons per atom, to classify magnetic behavior. 

However, the magnetic boundaries associated with this measure shift with the rare-earth element and alloy composition, making it less reliable as a universal guide.

The researchers therefore synthesized Au–Al and Au–Ga-based 1/1 approximant crystals containing terbium, dysprosium and holmium, then compared their structures and magnetic properties. They also combined their measurements with data from previously reported Tsai-type compounds to see whether the pattern held across different compositions.

They found a nearly monotonic inverse relationship between electron concentration and the lattice parameter—the dimensions of the crystal’s repeating unit. This allowed them to reorganize the materials according to lattice size rather than chemical composition.

Three magnetic states separated by crystal size

The distinction turned out to be remarkably clear. Crystals with lattice parameters above about 14.72 Å (14.72 x 10^-10 m) developed a whirling antiferromagnetic state, where magnetic moments form an ordered pattern with opposing contributions. 

Between 14.62 and 14.72 Å, they showed a whirling ferromagnetic state with a net magnetization. Below about 14.62 Å, the materials enter a spin-glass state, where magnetic moments become frozen in a disordered arrangement.

The whirling magnetic states arise in these non-Heisenberg compounds partly because the local atomic environment creates a strong crystal electric field. This field favors particular orientations for the rare-earth magnetic moments, influencing how they ultimately arrange themselves. 

The magnetic moments also interact indirectly through electrons moving through the material, linking the atomic structure to the way those moments arrange themselves.

A structural roadmap for new materials

The important point is not simply that lattice size correlates with magnetism. The study establishes specific structural thresholds that place different compounds on a common magnetic phase diagram.

This makes the lattice parameter an experimentally accessible starting point for deciding which materials may host a desired magnetic ground state.

“The unified magnetic phase diagram constructed in this study can serve as a practical roadmap for systematic exploration of new magnetic quasicrystals and approximant crystals exhibiting novel magnetic orders and quantum phenomena,” Kazuhiro Nawa, study co-author and a researcher at Tohoku University said. 

“It can also provide a guideline for designing new magnetic materials with targeted magnetic ground states, opening new opportunities for discovering unconventional magnetism in quasiperiodic and complex intermetallic systems,” Nawa added.

The finding does not make electron concentration irrelevant. Rather, it suggests that lattice parameter may be a more consistent guide for Tsai-type compounds, while its usefulness in other magnetic materials remains untested.

What remains unclear is exactly why the lattice parameter works so well across these different compounds. The researchers also need to determine whether the same relationship holds in true quasicrystals.

Despite these limitations, the study indeed offers a more systematic route for exploring complex alloys and designing new quantum materials.

The study is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

For more than a century, the electricity grid has mostly worked in one direction. Power plants generate electricity, grids deliver it, and homes, factories and businesses consume it. That model is starting to look a little dated.

As solar panels, batteries, electric vehicles and connected devices spread, millions of things that consume electricity can also store it, shift when they use it or, in some cases, send it back. “Everything-to-grid” is the emerging idea of coordinating those resources so they become active parts of the power system rather than simply sitting at the end of the network. The World Economic Forum included the concept among its Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2026.

What exactly is everything-to-grid?

The simplest way to think about it is to imagine the grid gaining millions of tiny batteries, generators, and adjustable loads. An electric vehicle plugged into a charger is normally a consumer. But with bidirectional charging, its battery can potentially send electricity back to a building or the grid. 

A building with solar panels and batteries can generate, store, and supply electricity. A factory could shift some electricity-intensive processes away from peak-demand periods.

Instead of asking only, “How much electricity do we need?”, an everything-to-grid system also asks, “What can we move, store, or temporarily switch off right now?” That flexibility can be valuable when electricity demand suddenly rises, or renewable generation fluctuates.

Your car could become a grid asset

Electric vehicles are one of the most obvious pieces of this puzzle because their batteries can store substantial amounts of electricity while the vehicles are parked for much of the day. Vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, technology allows compatible vehicles and chargers to exchange electricity with the grid rather than simply charging the battery. 

Software can decide when a vehicle should charge, pause charging, or discharge electricity, while accounting for factors such as grid conditions and the owner’s need to drive.

The U.S. Department of Energy has been examining V2G as a way of integrating EVs into the wider power system. However, widespread deployment still depends on compatible vehicles, chargers, communications systems, regulations, and business models. In other words, your car could spend the afternoon being a car and the evening moonlighting as a very expensive power bank.

Buildings become more than electricity consumers

Buildings are another major part of the concept. A grid-interactive building combines energy efficiency, smart controls, communications and distributed energy resources such as solar panels and batteries. Heating, cooling, water heating and other systems can be adjusted according to electricity prices, grid conditions or the availability of renewable power.

The U.S. Department of Energy describes these buildings as flexible energy resources that can help reduce peak demand and make better use of periods when electricity is plentiful. The IEA similarly describes grid-interactive buildings as “prosumers” that can produce, consume, store, buy, and sell energy.

Why renewables make this more important

Solar and wind power are increasingly important sources of electricity, but their output varies with weather and time of day. Solar generation, for example, can fall rapidly as evening demand rises.

That makes flexibility increasingly valuable. The IEA expects renewables to overtake coal in global electricity generation in 2026 and says modernizing grids and improving system flexibility will be critical as wind and solar expand. Everything-to-grid systems could help absorb surplus electricity when renewable generation is high and reduce demand when the grid is under pressure.

The catch: somebody has to coordinate the chaos

Making millions of independent devices behave like one useful power resource is considerably harder than installing a solar panel or plugging in an EV. It requires communication standards, smart inverters and chargers, control software, electricity-market rules, and cybersecurity. 

The more connected the grid becomes, the more important it is to protect those connections from failures and attacks. The DOE specifically identifies cybersecurity as an important consideration for increasingly connected grid-interactive buildings. There are also practical questions around battery degradation, consumer compensation, privacy, and who gets to control an asset in someone’s home.

Everything-to-grid, then, isn’t about turning every appliance into a miniature power station overnight. It is about changing the architecture of electricity itself, from a system where consumers mostly take power from the grid into one where millions of connected assets can help manage it.

The grid of the future may still have giant power plants and transmission lines. But alongside them could be millions of cars, buildings, batteries and machines quietly doing their part. That is a much more complicated grid. It could also be a much more flexible one.

OpenAI’s frontier intelligence model GPT-6 Astra has completed the Orc starting area in World of Warcraft in about 40 minutes without processing a single rendered game frame, according to the developer of the open-source agent-wow project.

Instead of seeing the game through screenshots or computer vision, the AI reconstructed its environment from server network messages and game data, then built its own tools to navigate and play.

The experiment was conducted on a private local server running AzerothCore, not Blizzard’s live World of Warcraft service. The developer gave Codex, running GPT-6 Astra at its high reasoning setting, a single instruction: create an Orc character and complete all quests in the starting zone. The agent reportedly finished the run without dying.

Reading the game’s network traffic

The unusual part of the experiment is how little conventional game automation was provided to the model. Agent-wow does not use computer vision, screenshots, or direct keyboard and mouse controls. Instead, it allows an AI agent to communicate with the game server through World of Warcraft’s network protocol, Tom’s Hardware reported.

The project also does not provide predefined movement, combat, or interaction systems. The agent is expected to build the capabilities it needs through modules. During the run, GPT-6 Astra created a module that could process dozens of different server messages and keep the resulting information in memory. A Python script then used those messages to construct the model’s view of what was happening in the game and send actions back to the server.

That meant the model could determine things such as its surroundings, quest progress, and available targets without ever receiving the visual information a human player normally relies on.

The experiment therefore tests something different from simply teaching an AI to recognize a game screen. The model had to reason about a structured but unfamiliar environment using the information available through the game’s underlying protocol.

Astra built its own tools to complete the quests

The agent also had access to AzerothCore’s underlying data, including SQL files containing information about quests, NPCs, and spawn locations. It used those resources to determine where quests started and ended, and how different objectives were connected.

The developer said the model effectively created a plan for completing prerequisite quests in sequence. It also managed routine tasks such as selling unwanted items, equipping better gear, and training abilities before reaching the final cave in the starting area.

Navigation was another problem the agent had to solve, with GPT-6 Astra generating a C++ helper that used AzerothCore’s navigation-mesh data, known as mmaps, to calculate routes. The helper used the Detour pathfinding library to generate waypoints between locations, which the agent could then follow.

The developer said the system even encountered locations where collision information appeared to be incomplete and was able to exploit those map quirks. That makes the result interesting, but also means the run should not be treated as a straightforward test of how well an AI can navigate an unmodified commercial game world.

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E-ink displays can look almost suspiciously like paper. They don’t glow like a phone screen, remain readable under bright sunlight, and can display the same page for days without constantly drawing power. Yet beneath that paper-like surface is a surprisingly simple bit of physics. Millions of tiny charged particles move around in microscopic containers.

The technology is officially known as an electrophoretic display, or EPD. It is used in e-readers, electronic shelf labels, digital signage and an expanding range of low-power devices.

Tiny capsules full of moving ink

At the heart of a conventional black-and-white e-ink display are millions of microscopic capsules. Each is roughly the diameter of a human hair and contains a clear fluid with electrically charged pigment particles suspended inside it.

In a common two-particle system, the particles are black and white and carry opposite electrical charges. The capsules sit above an electronic layer that can apply a controlled electric field to individual areas of the display.

Apply one polarity and the white particles move toward the top of a capsule. Reverse the field and the black particles move upward instead. What the viewer sees therefore depends on which particles are positioned at the surface. 

This movement is called electrophoresis. Charged particles move through a fluid in response to an electric field. The same basic principle was demonstrated in early electronic-paper research, including the microencapsulated electrophoretic ink described by researchers at the MIT Media Lab in a 1998 Nature paper. 

There is no backlight

This is where e-ink takes a very different route from an LCD or OLED display. A phone or laptop screen produces or controls light that travels toward your eyes. Traditional LCDs use a backlight, while OLED pixels generate their own light.

E-ink is reflective. Instead of producing the light you see, it uses ambient light, reflecting it from the pigment particles at the surface much like ink on a printed page. The brighter the surroundings, the easier the screen can be to see. 

That is why an e-reader can be remarkably comfortable to use outdoors on a sunny day while a conventional display may become harder to see. E-readers can still have a light for reading in darkness, but it is generally a front light that illuminates the surface rather than a conventional display backlight shining through the screen. 

The clever trick: the picture stays put

One of the most important properties of electrophoretic displays is bistability. Once the pigment particles move into position, they can stay there without continuously applying power. The electronics need electricity to change the image, but not simply to keep an existing image on screen.

That means an e-reader can display a page for hours while consuming essentially no display power between updates. E Ink says its displays consume power only when the image changes, with the energy required for an update depending on the display and operating mode. It is one reason e-ink devices can achieve battery life measured in weeks rather than hours.

So why does e-ink refresh so slowly?

There is a tradeoff for all that efficiency. LCD and OLED pixels can change extremely quickly because they control light electronically. E-ink has to physically move pigment particles through fluid. That makes its refresh behavior fundamentally different.

Modern E Ink displays have multiple refresh modes, and the company says some can update a full display in as little as 120 milliseconds. The technology is still generally slower and can produce visible flashing or ghosting during certain transitions, which is perfectly acceptable for turning pages or reading a document. But it is considerably less ideal for fast video or action-heavy games.

What about color?

Color e-ink works by adding more types of charged pigment particles or using different display structures. E Ink’s color technologies include systems using black, white, red, and yellow particles, while other approaches can produce a broader color range. 

Its Advanced Color ePaper technology, for example, uses colored particles rather than relying on a conventional LCD-style color filter array.  Color e-ink therefore remains reflective and low-power, but there is another tradeoff: color electrophoretic displays generally cannot match the brightness, saturation, and refresh performance of modern OLED or LCD screens.

Why e-ink still matters

E-ink is not trying to replace your smartphone display. Its advantage comes from doing less. It reflects rather than emits light, holds an image without continuously consuming display power, and can remain readable in bright environments. 

That makes it especially useful when the priority is information rather than animation: books, labels, signs, notes, and other content that doesn’t need to change every millisecond. In a world increasingly filled with glowing screens, e-ink’s cleverest trick may simply be knowing when not to glow.

Japan has demonstrated a coastal tanker using a hydrogen-fired, four-stroke, high-speed engine in what the project describes as a world first.

The 4,800-dwt vessel sailed approximately 20 miles in Osaka Bay during a roughly two-hour demonstration on September 25. The Nippon Foundation reported that the voyage reduced carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 1.2 tons compared with conventional fossil fuels.

The demonstration forms part of a foundation-sponsored research program supporting the decarbonization of shipping. The tanker combines a hydrogen engine, electric propulsion motors and lithium-ion batteries.

How the tanker’s propulsion system works

The tanker uses electricity generated by a hydrogen engine housed in a container mounted on deck which powers two electric propulsion motors connected to two shafts.

The vessel also carries a hybrid generator and lithium-ion batteries. The batteries smooth the load and help optimize fuel consumption.

In this configuration, the hydrogen engine generates electrical power rather than driving the propeller shafts directly. The electric motors provide propulsion through the vessel’s two shafts.

Yanmar Power Solutions designed the engine used in the project. Its first bench tests were completed in October 2024, when it successfully operated at a rated output of approximately 500 kilowatts.

During those initial tests, the engine used a small amount of diesel oil as a pilot ignition source to burn a premixed combination of hydrogen and air. Subsequent testing worked toward using hydrotreated vegetable oil, known as HVO, for pilot ignition.

The supplied account does not identify which pilot ignition fuel was used during the September demonstration.

The project called for a tanker specifically designed for hydrogen propulsion. Fukuoka Shipbuilding, a member of the project coalition, launched the vessel at its Nagasaki yard on February 14, 2025.

Measuring approximately 344 feet (105 m), the tanker was delivered to Uyeno TransTec in October 2025.

What the demonstration covered

The September 25 voyage tested the tanker’s hydrogen-fired engine while sailing in Osaka Bay. The Nippon Foundation described it as a carbon-neutral demonstration and estimated the carbon dioxide reduction at about 1.2 tons compared with conventional fossil fuels.

Beyond the engine, the project’s scope included developing the fuel supply system and hull design to obtain Approval in Principle from the classification society ClassNK.

The team also developed training and an operating manual for hydrogen-fueled vessels.

According to the foundation and the operator, the demonstration produced experience and knowledge to support hydrogen adoption in domestic coastal shipping. The project’s stated goal is to develop a model and pathway for that adoption.

“This demonstration represents a significant step towards the practical application of hydrogen-fueled zero-emission ships and is expected to contribute to the promotion of decarbonization in Japan’s shipping sector,” said Kazuma Kashiwagi, Director of the Environmental Bureau for Kobe City.

Japan has committed to achieving carbon neutrality in its domestic shipping sector by 2050.

The wider hydrogen vessel program

The Nippon Foundation launched the project in 2022. In June 2023, it assigned three consortia to develop separate demonstrations under its Zero Emission Ship 2050 program.

Alongside the tanker, one team focused on demonstrating a hydrogen fuel cell aboard an offshore wind turbine work vessel. Another worked on a hydrogen-fueled engine for the tugboat “Ten-Oh.”

The program’s first hydrogen fuel-cell demonstration took place in April 2024 aboard the 238-gross-ton passenger vessel Hanaria. Additional demonstrations were scheduled for 2026, alongside work on hydrogen stations to supply fuel.

Other hydrogen shipping projects include Norway’s liquid-hydrogen-fueled ferry MF Hydra and inland barges in Europe.

Cruise operators have also begun testing fuel cells and hydrogen systems to supply electricity for hotel operations and reduce emissions in port.

Advanced nuclear power holds a clear promise: round-the-clock, low-carbon electricity with far better fuel efficiency than conventional plants. Yet the next generation of reactors faces an atomic-scale obstacle. When uranium atoms split to generate energy, they leave behind troublesome chemical byproducts that degrade equipment and frustrate recycling efforts.

A research team led by Pennsylvania State University has received $1 million from the US Department of Energy to tackle this precise problem. Their goal is to track and control three stubborn fission products—samarium, europium, and tellurium—in molten salt reactors and advanced recycling systems.

Standard commercial reactors are cooled by pressurized water. But molten salt systems use liquid salts. These reactors can squeeze more energy out of nuclear fuel and allow used materials to be recycled. However, the chemical soup inside them is notoriously harsh.

Each of the three targeted elements presents its own challenge. Samarium and europium are unwanted in recycled fuel because they can interfere with reactor performance and fuel recycling processes, noted researchers. 

“Tellurium, on the other hand, can react with metals used in molten salt reactors and fuel-recycling systems, contributing to corrosion and materials degradation,” added the researchers. 

Understanding the fundamentals

To solve this, researchers need to understand how these elements behave at a fundamental level.

“We will study the oxidation states of these elements, which describe how many electrons an atom has gained or lost and strongly influence how they behave chemically,” said lead investigator Hojong Kim, professor of materials science and engineering at Penn State.

The team will examine how these byproducts interact with reactor materials during pyroprocessing, a high-temperature recycling method based on molten salts. Working alongside specialists from the University of Nevada, Reno, and Idaho National Laboratory, researchers will combine computer modeling with direct laboratory experiments.

In the lab, doctoral researcher Alok Pandey will dissolve the three elements in molten salt solvents and run electrical currents through the mixture. By varying the applied potential, he can observe how the elements shift oxidation states.

“This will allow us to understand the elements’ electrochemical properties,” concluded Pandey. “It could help improve strategies for their recovery and management during nuclear fuel recycling.”

Solving the recycling puzzle

The project also revives an earlier, unresolved puzzle. Kim previously attempted to analyze samarium under a 2018 federal grant. That effort stalled because the element existed in tiny concentrations and behaved unpredictably compared to related rare-earth metals. Armed with newer diagnostic methods, the team believes it can now crack the problem.

Their solution relies on an unexpected ally: liquid bismuth. Kim’s laboratory previously discovered that molten bismuth can act like a chemical sponge, cleanly capturing rare-earth elements out of liquid salts.

If the current trials succeed, the technique could unlock more sustainable fuel cycles. By removing corrosive and performance-choking byproducts, engineers can keep advanced reactors running longer, extract more energy from every grain of uranium, and significantly reduce long-lived nuclear waste.

Chinese scientists have developed a new kind of “living cement” that could, in theory, be used to build structures on far-away planets like Mars. According to reports, it works using just a few ingredients, including “domestic” soil/regolith, gelatin, and genetically engineered yeast.

If able to scale, this technique could be used to build shelters and other structures for future long-term human missions to the planet. What’s more, the process is relatively cheap and could be combined with on-site 3D printers.

The researchers managed to engineer a special strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast that produces extremely adhesive proteins. One of these proteins is similar to those produced by mussels that enable them to stick to surfaces like rocks.

The idea is that these proteins could be used as a kind of cement to bind soil or regolith, effectively making a kind of biological cement. The yeast cells therefore behave a bit like millions of microscopic sticky particles inside the binder.

Building Martian structures using yeast

The gelatin component forms a hydrogel around everything, while the soil/regolith provides the bulk of the material. Initially gloopy in texture, this paste can be extruded through 3D-printer nozzles to form complex structures.

As for “curing” the mixture, the researchers believe it is best to work with the conditions on Mars rather than fight them. Mars has a very thin atmosphere (about 0.6 percent of that on Earth) and is much colder on average than Earth (about -63.4°F/−53°C).

Under these conditions, liquid water will freeze and sublimate, meaning it never really stays in liquid form for very long. That is essentially freeze-drying. What’s left behind is a lightweight porous network in which the gelatin, yeast-derived adhesive proteins, and mineral grains are locked together.

You can liken that to something akin to a mixture of freeze-dried sponge and concrete. What’s more, this new material is actually pretty strong, with 12 MPa compressive strength and 6 MPa flexural strength.

That’s about on par with low-strength and lightweight concrete here on Earth. Promising indeed, and if it can save shipping thousands of tons of material for construction, that would clearly be enormously beneficial.

Instead, in theory, you’d just need to send the biological starter material, some processing equipment, and a big robot printer. Interestingly, the material is also recyclable, meaning its constituent parts can be broken down and reused.

All well and good, but before this could be seriously considered for applications outside the lab, some important things need to be refined.

More work to do

The first is that the tested material used sand as a substitute for Martian regolith. Actual Martian regolith has different particle characteristics and contains things such as perchlorates. How the gelatin-yeast mix reacts to this is yet to be tested.

Another issue is that the gelatin is porcine, meaning that it would need to be “shipped in” to a building site. The team also tested a gelatin-free formulation, although its performance was lower, and the researchers say stronger fully biological binders will be needed.

Yet another major issue is enabling the material to build pressurized structures to protect people from Mars’s harsh environment. The team proposes a ready-made pressure-retaining membrane enveloped by a shell and shielding built using this new living concrete.

Overall, it is a promising proof-of-concept showing that Martian regolith might one day be turned into printable construction material using engineered biology, while exploiting Mars’s cold and near-vacuum conditions as part of the manufacturing process rather than treating them purely as obstacles.

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Superconductivity is supposed to be an all-or-nothing quantum state. Cool a material below a critical temperature, and electrons pair up and enter a state that lets electricity flow without resistance. Warm it back up, and that collective state disappears. 

However, experiments on uranium ditelluride suggest that part of the superconducting behavior can survive after the main phase is gone.

Physicists at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) have found evidence that Cooper pairs—the paired electrons behind superconductivity—can arrange themselves into a repeating pattern called a pair density wave (PDW). 

What’s even more interesting is that the pattern persists above the temperature where uranium ditelluride stops being superconducting. These findings provide the first direct evidence that a PDW can exist independently of the main superconducting phase.

“We were out on a limb when we first suggested it. It’s a very peculiar state, and, although there have been experimental hints, there has been no direct confirmation of the phase’s existence,” Eduardo Fradikin, one of the researchers and a physics professor at UIUC, said.

Finding the hidden state

In conventional superconductors, electrons form Cooper pairs and those pairs condense into one collective quantum state. Unconventional superconductors can behave differently and host additional electronic phases, including charge density waves (CDWs), where electric charge varies periodically across the material.

PDWs are similar in that they form a spatial pattern, but the quantity being modulated is the density of Cooper pairs. This idea was proposed in 2007, including the striking possibility that these paired electrons could exist above the superconducting transition. 

However, “PDWs are tricky to analyze in real materials, because they behave like conventional superconductors in some experiments, and like CDWs in other,” Julian May-Mann, one of the study authors and a former graduate student from UIUC, said.

Uranium ditelluride, or UTe₂, offered an unusual place to look. Once considered an ordinary metal, it was found in 2019 to become superconducting below about 2 kelvins. It is also widely considered a candidate for an unconventional triplet-pair superconductor, in which the paired electrons can carry magnetic moments.

The researchers had previously detected CDWs on the material’s surface using scanning tunneling microscopy, but something did not fit, as magnetic fields could destroy the waves. A normal CDW should not respond so strongly to a magnetic field, prompting the researchers to consider whether a PDW was hiding alongside it.

Better crystals reveal the signal

The researchers first needed cleaner UTe₂ crystals because PDWs are extremely delicate and impurities can obscure their signatures. So they produced higher-quality samples using a new molten-flux growth method.

“Thanks to new methods for growing higher-quality samples, we were able to observe spectral signatures that respond to temperature and magnetic fields exactly as pair density waves should,” Vidya Madhavan, one of the lead researchers and a physics professor at UIUC, said.

They examined the crystals with a vector magnetic-field scanning tunneling microscope. Unlike a conventional setup, the instrument could vary both the strength and direction of the magnetic field—important because UTe₂ is anisotropic, meaning its properties depend strongly on direction.

The measurements revealed electronic modes whose responses to temperature and magnetic fields matched theoretical expectations for a PDW, including modes that survived above the superconducting critical temperature.

“We even showed that the modes persist above the temperature at which superconductivity disappears, a telltale theoretical prediction that has not been convincingly observed before now,” Madhavan added.

The researchers also found that a CDW-only explanation conflicted with established principles governing how electronic phases should respond to temperature and magnetic fields. The PDW interpretation provided a more consistent explanation of the observations.

A clue, but not the final answer

The result could reshape how physicists think about unconventional superconductors by suggesting that Cooper pairing can begin before the material develops its full superconducting state. 

This could help researchers understand why some unconventional materials develop complex phases and potentially guide the search for new superconducting states.

“Pair density waves are the Cheshire Cat’s grin of superconductivity. They are the vestige that remains once the phase itself has disappeared. In conventional superconductors, Cooper pairs form when the full phase transition occurs, but, in this system, their observation in PDWs above the transition point shows that they are formed beforehand in a different state,” Fradikin explained.

However, there is an important limitation as well. Scanning tunneling microscopy probes the material’s surface, so the researchers cannot yet prove that the same PDW exists throughout the interior.

The next challenge is therefore to determine whether the hidden state extends into the bulk of UTe₂ and to establish its nature more firmly. 

The study is published in the journal PNAS.

Engineers at compact fusion company nT-Tao have brought a 50-megawatt pulsed-power subsystem into active service. The hardware delivers high-energy bursts to the company’s C3 prototype, a machine designed to test magnetic confinement in dense plasma regimes.

This installation marks a critical step toward exceeding 1.5 million degrees Celsius, the highest thermal benchmark recorded on the platform to date.

Injecting large bursts of electricity into an ionized gas triggers severe circuit instability. As the plasma heats up during each pulse, its internal electrical properties fluctuate within fractions of a millisecond. These rapid swings alter the electrical impedance of both the plasma and the delivery hardware.

“The power must also be controlled precisely as the electrical characteristics of the system and the plasma change rapidly during each pulse,” said the company in a press release.

If the supply fails to match these shifts instantly, electrical resonance breaks down and the gas reflects energy back into the driving circuits. To prevent this loss, nT-Tao paired the 50-megawatt unit with a proprietary real-time nonlinear control system.

Nonlinear real-time tuning

The controller tracks circuit changes during the pulse and updates operating parameters continuously. This active tuning maintains resonance throughout the discharge, ensuring maximal energy transfers into the plasma core under fast-varying conditions.

CTO and co-founder Boaz Weinfeld pointed out that generating 50 megawatts is relatively straightforward compared to the task of coordinating 50 separate modules in real time. The primary engineering accomplishment lies in forcing multiple units to function as one synchronized circuit.

The physical power supply expands the company’s Modular Energy Generator Architecture, known as MEGA. The setup distributes the power load across 50 compact units called Power Electronic Generators (PEGs), rather than relying on a single, large power source. Each PEG produces approximately 1 megawatt of output.

Technicians grouped these generators into ten parallel branches, placing five parallel-wired modules on each branch. The complete network operates across switching frequencies between 50 and 2,000 kilohertz.

“It represents a roughly five-fold scale-up from an earlier generation that integrated 12 PEGs into an approximately 10 MW system,” added the company.

Hardware scalability and recent milestones

Using 1-megawatt modules provides practical manufacturing and operational advantages. Technicians can connect modules in series or parallel arrangements to meet specific circuit requirements. According to Weinfeld, fusion systems that cannot be produced at scale will fail commercially. Standardized, repeatable modules keep the physical footprint compact and allow capacity growth without redesigning core hardware.

The 50-megawatt power feed supports a broader strategy to turn plasma physics theory into viable, compact reactor hardware. Assembly took two months, with the machine reaching operational status and firing initial plasma pulses in January.

That testbed followed an earlier experimental series with the C2-A machine, which registered plasma temperatures around 100 electronvolts, or about 10^6 degrees Celsius.

By combining modular power electronics with high-speed nonlinear controls, the team has established the electrical drive required to push plasma past those early milestones toward commercial reactor temperatures.

“Together, the 50 PEGs and the real-time controller form the power architecture subsystem intended to deliver large amounts of energy to the plasma in precisely controlled pulses, moving nT-Tao closer to its next temperature milestone on the path toward a commercially viable compact fusion system,” concluded the company.