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Human milk exosomal miR-144-5p reduces NEC by modulating TLR4/NF-κB

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains one of pediatrics’ most devastating intestinal disorders, and safer, mechanism-driven therapies are urgently needed. New findings suggest that tiny vesicles naturally present in human breast milk—exosomes—may offer protection by delivering a specific regulatory microRNA.

Researchers report that exosomes enriched with miR-144-5p can help restore the intestinal tight junction barrier, a key defense line that collapses during NEC. By focusing on miR-144-5p, the team moves beyond earlier observations that breast milk exosomes can reduce NEC severity and instead pinpoints a molecular cargo likely responsible for part of that benefit.

The study centers on how NEC damages epithelial integrity and promotes inflammatory signaling. Tight junction disruption is associated with increased permeability, bacterial translocation, and worsening inflammation—conditions that accelerate disease progression in vulnerable newborns. The investigators therefore examined whether miR-144-5p could counter these barrier failures in NEC contexts.

Mechanistically, the work links miR-144-5p action to the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, a well-known inflammatory axis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) senses danger-associated cues and can trigger NF-κB activation, driving transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators. In NEC, exaggerated signaling through this route contributes to tissue injury and impaired repair.

By modulating this cascade, miR-144-5p appears to dampen downstream inflammatory responses while promoting recovery of junctional structure. The paper’s data indicate that exosomal delivery is central: miRNAs packaged within vesicles can be taken up by recipient cells more efficiently than naked RNA, enabling functional gene regulation in target intestinal compartments.

Together, the results support a model in which breast milk exosomal miR-144-5p alleviates NEC by suppressing TLR4-driven NF-κB activation, thereby reducing inflammatory injury and enabling tighter regulation of epithelial junctions. If translated, such a cargo-guided approach could complement existing supportive NEC treatments.

While additional work will be required to confirm efficacy across models and to evaluate safety, the study provides a clear mechanistic roadmap: therapeutic exosomes or miRNA mimics that bias TLR4/NF-κB activity may be a promising strategy for protecting the neonatal gut.

Subject of Research: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), breast milk-derived exosomes, miR-144-5p, tight junction barrier repair, TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

Article Title: Human milk exosomal-miR-144-5p alleviates neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Article References: Chen, Z., Chen, C., Hu, X. et al. Human milk exosomal-miR-144-5p alleviates neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05305-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1038/s41390-026-05305-9

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An Anthropic Claude AI Model Finds Flaws in Tough-to-Crack Encryption Algorithms

Claude Mythos Preview discovered new attacks in testing against weakened cryptographic algorithms, which protect online financial transactions, private communications and more.
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1,000 Years Ago There Were Tens of Thousands of Languages in the World, Today Only 7,500 Remain: This Is What Happened

Today, humans speak or use signs in approximately 7,500 different languages. However, this figure, impressive as it may seem, represents only a snapshot of a constantly changing history, and questions about the evolution of linguistic diversity have remained among the most elusive for science for decades. How many languages existed before the appearance of written […]

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MacBook Neo Defies the Global PC Slump

MacBook Neo helped Apple move against the global PC market in the second quarter of 2026, delivering double-digit Mac shipment growth while most leading computer manufacturers sold fewer units than a year earlier.

Preliminary data from IDC estimates that Apple shipped 6.7 million Macs during the quarter, up 10.1% from 6.1 million in Q2 2025. Its worldwide market share rose from 8.5% to 9.9%, placing the company within a fraction of the 10% threshold.

The rest of the industry moved in the opposite direction. Global shipments fell 4.9% year over year to 68.2 million units, ending nine consecutive quarters of growth. A separate Omdia estimate placed the decline at 3.6% and Apple growth at 15.9%, but both research groups identified the same pattern: the Mac gained ground while established Windows PC vendors contracted or remained flat.

IDC directly connected the Apple increase with the arrival of its lowest-priced notebook. MacBook Neo began shipping in March, giving the model its first complete quarter of retail availability between April and June.

MacBook Neo Drives Mac Shipment Growth

MacBook Neo entered the market as an alternative for buyers previously priced out of the Mac lineup.

The 13-inch notebook launched at $599 with an A18 Pro chip, 8GB of unified memory, a Liquid Retina display and up to 16 hours of video playback. It also brought macOS, Apple Intelligence and integration with the iPhone ecosystem into a price range commonly occupied by mainstream Windows laptops and Chromebooks.

That positioning attracted students, families and first-time Mac customers who did not need the performance or display technology of a MacBook Air or MacBook Pro. The four-color aluminum design also gave the entry model a more recognizable identity than the older Mac notebooks that frequently remained on sale through discounts.

IDC had already identified the computer as an unusual source of strength when it revised its notebook forecast earlier in 2026. Demand exceeded initial expectations in several markets, and reported inventory shortages appeared shortly after the March launch.

The effect became much more visible in Q2. MacBook Neo was available for the entire three-month period, allowing Apple to increase production, expand retail distribution and serve customers who could not obtain the computer during its first weeks.

The entry model also widened the Mac lineup without replacing the MacBook Air. Buyers seeking more memory, faster ports, longer wireless web use or additional external-display support could continue moving toward the M5-powered Air, while the less expensive machine handled education, office work, web browsing and communication.

That separation allowed Apple to reach lower price points without reducing the value of its premium notebooks.

A laptop screen displays multiple colorful open windows, including a chemistry diagram, a drawing of an artichoke with a chemical structure, a chat with an AI image generator, and a grapefruit photo, with various app icons along the bottom.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.

Lenovo, HP and Dell Lose Shipments

Apple remained the fourth-largest traditional PC vendor, but its performance contrasted sharply with the companies above it.

Lenovo retained first place with 16.6 million units and 24.4% market share. Its shipments declined 2.1% from the previous year.

HP experienced the steepest drop among the top five, falling 9% to 13 million units. Dell shipped 9.3 million computers, representing a 5% decline. Asus remained nearly flat at 5 million units, up only 0.2%.

Manufacturers outside the five largest brands collectively suffered a 10.5% contraction, indicating that weaker demand and component inflation placed even more pressure on smaller companies.

The figures measure shipments into distribution channels or directly to end users, not confirmed retail purchases by individual consumers. A manufacturer can therefore record shipment growth while some inventory remains unsold in stores or warehouses.

MacBook Neo demand appears to have been strong enough to support Apple production increases rather than simply filling channels. The company reportedly doubled its annual production target after the initial response, although later quarters will reveal how much of Q2 reflected lasting demand rather than launch-period enthusiasm.

Apple also benefits from operating at a scale that provides leverage with memory, storage and semiconductor suppliers. Smaller PC brands face greater difficulty securing components at competitive prices when shortages intensify.

Memory Costs Reverse the PC Recovery

The Q2 contraction arrived after manufacturers and commercial customers accelerated purchases during late 2025 and early 2026.

Buyers expected memory and storage prices to rise, encouraging some businesses to replace computers earlier than planned. Vendors also increased inventories while components remained available.

That activity supported nine quarters of market growth but borrowed demand from later periods. Once the early purchases were completed, the industry faced a more difficult combination of expensive components, cautious consumers and elevated retail prices.

The memory shortage is closely connected to the AI infrastructure boom. Chipmakers are dedicating more production capacity to high-bandwidth memory used by data center accelerators, limiting the supply of conventional DRAM needed for personal computers.

IDC expects little relief before the end of 2027 or early 2028. The research company forecasts an 11.3% decline in worldwide PC shipments across 2026, with the fourth quarter potentially falling 20% from the previous year.

Computer revenue may not decline at the same pace. Manufacturers have raised prices faster than shipments have fallen, allowing them to collect more money from fewer units.

That strategy creates another problem. Retailers and distributors can become trapped with expensive inventory if customers refuse the new prices, forcing promotions or production reductions later.

MacBook Neo initially softened that pressure by giving Apple a new product near the bottom of the notebook market. Its original $599 price made the Mac competitive with midrange Windows machines at the moment many rivals were becoming more expensive.

A close-up view of a computer RAM module, highlighting four black memory chips on a green circuit board with gold connector pins—an example of hardware impacted by the recent RAM price surge.
Image Credit: Freepik

The Price Increase Creates the Next Test

The strongest Q2 MacBook Neo shipments were recorded while most customers could still buy the computer at its introductory price.

Apple raised the U.S. starting price to $699 in late June as memory and storage costs affected the Mac and iPad lineups. The education price remained at $599, preserving the original offer for eligible students and educators.

A $100 increase changes the comparison with discounted Windows notebooks and places the entry model closer to older MacBook Air configurations available through third-party retailers.

Apple must now determine whether the appeal came primarily from the low launch price or from the combination of macOS, battery life, design and iPhone integration.

The company remains better positioned than many rivals to absorb supply disruption, negotiate long-term component agreements and promote several notebooks at different prices. MacBook Neo also uses an iPhone-class A18 Pro processor rather than an M-series chip, providing another way to manage silicon costs and production capacity.

IDC expects the full PC market to deteriorate during the second half of 2026. Apple will enter that period with almost 10% worldwide share, but the September quarter will be the first to measure MacBook Neo demand almost entirely at the higher $699 retail price.

The post MacBook Neo Defies the Global PC Slump appeared first on AppleMagazine.

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The AI jobs apocalypse probably isn’t coming anytime soon

Artificial intelligence may not deliver on its promise of vast economic opportunity at a price that humanity is willing to pay

In March, Anthropic, the cutting-edge artificial intelligence business that gave us the chatbot Claude, published an analysis on the impact of AI on employment, to help us assess the claim that intelligent robots were about to redefine human existence, ending demand for human labor.

Last year in May, Anthropic’s co-founder, Dario Amodei, claimed AI could wipe out half of all entry-level jobs in one to five years. Last January, he told us AI would probably become a “general labor substitute for humans”. In June he said we risk “a world where the economic trade-off dial is stuck on the hypergrowth, hyper-inequality setting”.

Continue reading...

© Photograph: DragonImages/Getty Images

© Photograph: DragonImages/Getty Images

© Photograph: DragonImages/Getty Images

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The EHRC’s New Trans Schools Guidance Puts Children at Risk

The EHRC has released new trans schools guidance on how to comply with the Equality Act. But from changing rooms to pronoun use it puts children at risk, says Caroline Ffiske.

The post The EHRC’s New Trans Schools Guidance Puts Children at Risk appeared first on The Daily Sceptic.

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Como instalar a IDE CodeBlocks no Ubuntu e derivados

Se você pretende programar em C, C++ e Fortran e ainda não encontrou a ferramenta certa, veja como instalar a IDE CodeBlocks no Ubuntu e sistemas derivados.

Leia o restante do texto "Como instalar a IDE CodeBlocks no Ubuntu"

O post Como instalar a IDE CodeBlocks no Ubuntu e derivados apareceu primeiro em Blog do Edivaldo - Informações e Notícias sobre Linux.

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Como instalar o Ionic Framework no CentOS e começar a usá-lo

Se você pretende desenvolver aplicativos para as plataformas mobile iOS e Android, conheça e veja como instalar o Ionic Framework no CentOS e comece a criar seus apps.

Leia o restante do texto "Como instalar o Ionic Framework no CentOS e começar a usá-lo"

O post Como instalar o Ionic Framework no CentOS e começar a usá-lo apareceu primeiro em Blog do Edivaldo - Informações e Notícias sobre Linux.

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Spät auf der Party, aber bei KI macht Apple alles richtig

Hat sich Apple in den vergangenen Jahren zu sehr auf KI konzentriert – oder nicht genug? Das hängt davon ab, wen man fragt. Einerseits ist das Thema ein Modetrend, allgegenwärtig und hat etwas leicht Apokalyptisches an sich, und ich werde regelrecht deprimiert, wenn ich mir bei Apple-Veranstaltungen die KI-Schlagworte anhören muss. Andererseits: Kann das Unternehmen es sich leisten, den Anschluss zu verpassen? Ja, ich weiß: Das Essen ist furchtbar, und die Portionen sind so klein.

Es stellt sich jedoch heraus, dass Apple in dieser Angelegenheit möglicherweise genau richtig gehandelt hat. Im Nachhinein betrachtet erscheint die merkwürdige Mischung aus enthusiastischen Lippenbekenntnissen und abwartender Zurückhaltung des Unternehmens als perfekt dosiert. Apple beteiligt sich an der KI-Debatte, bleibt dabei jedoch weitaus zurückhaltender als seine schneller agierenden, risikofreudigeren Konkurrenten. Das Unternehmen genießt die Vorteile, ohne die Konsequenzen tragen zu müssen.

Beginnen wir mit den Vorteilen: Nach Jahren unterdurchschnittlicher Leistung und Verzögerungen hat sich die neue, KI-gestützte Version von Siri als wirklich nützlicher Chatbot etabliert. Sie kann zwar noch nicht alles, was ChatGPT bietet, ist aber bei schnellen Fragen zuverlässig, kennt sich mit den iPhone-Daten wie kein anderer Chatbot aus und ist für eine Vielzahl von Aktionen ausgelegt. Sie ist datenschutzkonform, schnell und – ganz in Apple-Manier – gibt es noch Luft nach oben.

Für die überwiegende Mehrheit der iPhone-Besitzer hat sich das Warten auf Siri AI gelohnt. Die Sprachassistenz erfüllt alle erforderlichen Aufgaben und dürfte die negativen Stimmen zum Schweigen bringen, die lautstark über ihren Platz im KI-Ökosystem diskutieren. Der eigentliche Clou ist jedoch, dass Apple das erreicht hat, ohne sich den Schwierigkeiten auszusetzen, mit denen KI-orientiertere Konkurrenten derzeit zu kämpfen haben.

Nehmen wir OpenAI, den Entwickler von ChatGPT und wohl den größten Namen in diesem Bereich. Apple hat das Unternehmen kürzlich wegen Diebstahls von Geschäftsgeheimnissen verklagt, doch das war kaum ein Einzelfall. Allein im Jahr 2023 wurde das Unternehmen dreimal (eins, zwei, drei) wegen Urheberrechtsverletzung von insgesamt 21 Autoren und der „New York Times“ verklagt, während eine vierte Klage im selben Jahr, die 16 anonyme Kläger vertrat, „eine Reihe von Schäden, von Urheberrechtsverletzungen bis zu Abhörmaßnahmen“ geltend machte.

In den Jahren darauf folgten zahlreiche weitere Klagen. Diese betrafen (unter anderem) Stalking, Mord, Selbstmord und zwei separate Amokläufe (eins, zwei). Rechtliche Auseinandersetzungen werden auf absehbare Zeit wahrscheinlich anhalten, ebenso wie das große Interesse der Aufsichtsbehörden.

Was die öffentliche Wahrnehmung angeht, ist OpenAI, gelinde gesagt, umstritten. Das Unternehmen hat zwar einige leidenschaftliche Befürworter, wird jedoch in den Augen vieler mit geschmacklosen Videos und Bildern, Dürre, Arbeitslosigkeit und einer leichtfertigen Haltung gegenüber dem geistigen Eigentum anderer in Verbindung gebracht. Selbst Elon Musk, der selbst kein Unbekannter in Sachen weltweiter Unbeliebtheit ist, bezeichnet den CEO des Unternehmens als „Scam Altman“. Um fair zu sein: Dieser Herr tut sich damit keinen Gefallen.

Apple WWDC 2026 Siri AI Demo
Siri AI ist nicht der beste Chatbot auf dem Markt, aber er ist gut genug.

Apple

Es mag so aussehen, als würde ich OpenAI hart angehen, doch das ist wirklich nur ein Beispiel für die Gegenreaktion. Jedes Mal, wenn sich ein Unternehmen der KI widmet, riskiert es finanzielle Einbußen und Reputationsschäden. Wie Google mit seinen ethnisch vielfältigen Nazis, Samsung mit seinen verwirrenden Datenschutzbestimmungen und Microsoft mit seinen schädlichen Antworten. Wenn er nicht gerade seinen Besitzer auf urkomische Weise auf die Schippe nimmt, bringt Elon Musks Grok-Chatbot ihn in rechtliche Schwierigkeiten, weil er Deepfake-Pornografie erstellt und den Holocaust leugnet.

Im Gegensatz dazu ist Apple unglaublich glimpflich davongekommen: Die Kritik an seiner KI-Strategie drehte sich hauptsächlich darum, dass das Unternehmen nur langsam in die Gänge kommt. Der schlimmste Skandal war wahrscheinlich, dass die KI-Benachrichtigungen unter iOS manchmal verwirrend waren. Und doch ist es nun so weit: Ein funktionierender KI-Chatbot steht nur noch wenige Monate vor seinem Debüt auf Milliarden von Geräten. Und das ohne die erheblichen Investitionen in die KI-Infrastruktur, die es Konkurrenten erschweren, vom Gas zu gehen. Warum eigene, unpopuläre Rechenzentren errichten, wenn man die von Google nutzen kann?

Erfolg hängt nicht nur davon ab, was man gewinnt, sondern auch davon, was es einen kostet. Und unter diesen Gesichtspunkten sieht es so aus, als würde Apple im Bereich der KI die Oberhand gewinnen.

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Scientists Turn Plastic Waste Into Clean Hydrogen Fuel

Thermal Treatment Process IllustrationThe advance could provide a scalable route to clean energy while making plastic recycling more effective. A discarded bottle, shopping bag or car part can remain in the waste stream long after its useful life ends. Although plastic is everywhere in modern society, recycling it remains difficult because most systems require different types to be [...]
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