Animal testing has shaped modern drug development for decades, but its limitations become especially visible when scientists evaluate cancer immunotherapies. These treatments are designed to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy malignant cells, yet the same powerful immune activation can trigger life-threatening complications in patients. Researchers at the University of Rochester are developing a human-cell-based alternative: miniature tissue models known as organs-on-a-chip that could help predict these toxicities before experimental medicines reach clinical trials.
The work is being led through the university’s Translational Center for Barrier Microphysiological Systems, or TraCe-bMPS. The center is building drug-development tools around modular µSiM tissue chips, devices that contain ultrathin membranes populated with human cells. Unlike conventional laboratory cultures, these systems are engineered to reproduce key features of biological barriers, including the physical separation between tissues, controlled exposure to drugs, and measurable inflammatory responses. Their modular construction also allows the devices to be manufactured in large quantities with consistent dimensions and materials.
The platform is based primarily on acrylic components and incorporates membranes designed to mimic interfaces found in the human body. Such barriers regulate the movement of molecules and immune cells between compartments, making them central to drug absorption, toxicity, and inflammation. By assembling reproducible chips with human cells, researchers can study how a therapy affects a tissue under conditions that more closely approximate human biology than many animal models. The design also makes it possible to modify individual components for different organs or disease settings.
A major feature of the Rochester system is the integration of sensors directly into the chips. Developed in part through the work of biomedical engineering professor Benjamin Miller, these sensors can track barrier function and inflammatory signaling in real time. Instead of waiting until the end of an experiment to examine damaged cells, researchers can observe how a tissue responds as a drug is introduced. Changes in electrical or molecular signals may reveal that a barrier is becoming more permeable or that inflammatory pathways are being activated, providing an early warning of toxicity.
The immediate focus is on two severe complications associated with some cancer immunotherapies. Cytokine release syndrome, commonly called CRS, occurs when activated immune cells release large quantities of signaling proteins known as cytokines. The resulting systemic inflammation can cause fever, low blood pressure, breathing difficulties, and, in the most serious cases, organ failure. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, or ICANS, can affect the nervous system, producing confusion, seizures, impaired speech, or other neurological symptoms. Both conditions are difficult to predict reliably with animal testing because species differ in immune signaling networks and cell-surface receptors.
“The goal is to predict these toxicities from human cells on a chip, before a drug ever reaches a patient, and to do it without relying on animal models that have repeatedly failed to predict CRS in people,” says James McGrath, director of TraCe-bMPS and the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Biomedical Engineering. The approach does not simply attempt to reproduce a whole human body in miniature. Instead, it focuses on specific biological barriers and immune interactions that are directly relevant to the safety question being studied.
The project has now reached an important regulatory stage. The team was accepted into the US Food and Drug Administration’s Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs, or ISTAND, pilot program. ISTAND is intended to help evaluate emerging methods that could improve drug development and eventually support regulatory decisions. Acceptance does not mean that the tissue-chip platform has already been approved for routine use, but it creates a formal pathway for the researchers to work with the FDA on defining the evidence needed for qualification.
The Rochester group is preparing a detailed qualification plan that will describe clinical considerations, timelines, data-sharing procedures, and statistical methods for evaluating the technology. If the platform ultimately receives FDA qualification, pharmaceutical companies could use its results as part of the evidence submitted in support of new drug applications. Such recognition would represent a significant step for organs-on-a-chip research, which has expanded rapidly but has only rarely progressed into formal regulatory programs.
The effort comes as US regulators seek alternatives to animal testing in preclinical safety studies. The FDA Modernization Act 2.0, enacted in 2022, opened the door for non-animal methods, while the agency’s 2025 roadmap outlined further efforts to reduce reliance on animal models. Researchers say pharmaceutical companies are showing strong interest because many immunotherapies are already in clinical development and carry risks of CRS or ICANS. The Rochester team collaborated with Graham Marsh of the Critical Path Institute and consulted with scientists at Pfizer about how the tool could fit into real-world drug development. If successful, the technology could give researchers a more human-relevant way to identify dangerous immune reactions early, helping developers eliminate unsafe candidates and refine promising treatments before patients are exposed.
Subject of Research: Human-cell tissue chips for predicting cancer immunotherapy toxicities.
Web References: University of Rochester; Translational Center for Barrier Microphysiological Systems; University of Rochester Biomedical Engineering; FDA ISTAND pilot program; FDA Modernization Act 2.0.
Image Credits: URochester photo / J. Adam Fenster.
Keywords: Drug discovery, tissue chips, organs-on-a-chip, cancer immunotherapy, cytokine release syndrome, CRS, ICANS, neurotoxicity, animal testing alternatives, biomedical engineering, microphysiological systems, human-cell models.
Around 11,000 years ago, communities in southwest Asia began one of the most consequential experiments in human history: growing their own food. Wild cereals, legumes and fruit-bearing plants were gradually brought under human management, setting in motion the transition from mobile hunter-gatherer lifeways to farming societies. For decades, archaeologists have assumed that one of the earliest signs of this transformation was an increase in cereal grain size. A new study, however, suggests that some of the biggest grains found at the dawn of agriculture may not have been genetically altered at all. They may simply have grown in wetter conditions.
The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, challenge a central assumption about how cereal domestication began. Researchers studying charred barley and emmer wheat grains from the Early Neolithic sites of el-Hemmeh and Sharara in the southern Levant found that the plants still possessed fully wild characteristics during the earliest phases of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Their ears had brittle rachises, the structures that naturally break apart when mature, allowing seeds to disperse in the wild. There was no evidence of the tough, non-shattering rachis that later became one of the defining features of domesticated cereals.
The absence of non-shattering forms is significant because a tough rachis makes harvesting far more efficient. In wild cereals, the rachis fractures as the plant ripens, scattering seeds before people can collect them. A mutation that keeps the grains attached would have offered major advantages to human harvesters and could then have spread through repeated cultivation and replanting. Researchers have therefore often treated the appearance of non-shattering cereals as a key marker of domestication. Grain size, by contrast, has frequently been interpreted as an earlier signal that people were already selecting plants through cultivation.
At el-Hemmeh and Sharara, however, grain size told a more complicated story. Barley and emmer wheat remained morphologically wild, yet their grains varied dramatically. Some were as small as typical wild cereals, while others fell within the size range commonly associated with domesticated plants. If large grains were the product of genetic selection caused by systematic tillage, the researchers expected to find other evidence of intensive cultivation. Instead, the ecological evidence pointed toward relatively low-disturbance environments.
The team examined the weed species preserved alongside the cereal remains. Weeds are valuable archaeological indicators because different plants thrive under different environmental conditions. Species associated with heavily tilled or frequently disturbed soils were not dominant in the assemblages from these early sites. This weakened the argument that repeated ploughing or intensive soil preparation had already created strong selection for larger seeds. The researchers began looking for another explanation for the striking variation in grain size.
Their answer came from stable carbon isotope analysis. Carbon exists in several naturally occurring forms, or isotopes, and plants incorporate these isotopes in ways that are influenced by their growing conditions. In cereals, the stable carbon isotopic composition of a grain can reflect the balance between carbon uptake and water loss during photosynthesis. When plants experience water stress, changes in gas exchange through their leaves alter the carbon isotope signal recorded in their tissues. By measuring this signal in ancient grains, scientists can reconstruct aspects of the moisture conditions under which the plants grew.
The results showed a strong relationship between grain size and water availability. Barley grains that reached domestic-sized dimensions had carbon isotope values indicating that they developed under wetter conditions. Smaller, wild-sized grains carried signatures consistent with considerably drier growth environments. The difference suggests that environmental moisture, rather than inherited genetic change, was responsible for much of the early increase in cereal grain size. In other words, the same wild plant population could produce grains of very different sizes depending on the conditions it experienced during development.
This phenomenon is known as developmental plasticity: the ability of a single genotype to produce different physical traits in response to the environment. It is widespread in plants and can affect characteristics such as height, leaf area, flowering time and seed production. In the Early Holocene southern Levant, developmental plasticity may have created the visual impression that cereals were already becoming domesticated. People collecting and replanting the largest grains might eventually have generated genetic selection, but the initial size increase itself appears to have been ecological rather than evolutionary.
“Environmental conditions provided a much better explanation for the observed variation in grain size than genetic selection under tillage,” said Dr Jade Whitlam of the University of Oxford, who led the study. The researchers propose that genetic selection for larger grains may have occurred later than previously thought, perhaps after selection for non-shattering rachises had already begun. This reverses the sequence often assumed in models of domestication and places greater emphasis on the complex interaction between climate, plant biology and human harvesting practices.
The study also reframes the origins of agriculture as a gradual process of niche construction rather than a sudden decision to domesticate plants. Early communities altered their relationship with wild vegetation through harvesting, protection, transport and repeated use of particular landscapes. These practices may have changed plant populations long before crops displayed unmistakable domestication traits. By combining archaeobotany, weed ecology and stable isotope evidence, the researchers argue that the first steps toward agriculture were not necessarily driven by deliberate genetic engineering of crops, but by prolonged human management operating within a variable environment. The result is a more nuanced picture of farming’s origins—one in which climate could temporarily make wild cereals look domesticated before their genomes caught up.
Subject of Research: The environmental and biological processes that influenced cereal grain size and plant domestication in the Early Holocene southern Levant.
Article Title: Developmental plasticity under human management shaped cereal evolution prior to domestication in the Early Holocene southern Levant
News Publication Date: 4-Aug-2026
Web References: https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1146086
References: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2535274123
Image Credits: Jerome Poulalier, www.jerome-poulalier-photography.com
Keywords: Archaeology, archaeobotany, cereal domestication, agriculture, Neolithic, Early Holocene, southern Levant, barley, emmer wheat, stable carbon isotopes, developmental plasticity, plant evolution, climate, hunter-gatherers
Microsoft Edge may soon let you sign in with an Apple account. The latest Canary build of Edge includes flags that, if enabled, let you sign into the browser with your Apple account.
Using your Apple account within Edge will make it easier to keep your bookmarks, history, and other content synced across your phone and your PC. Many people, including myself, use a computer running Windows 11 and an iPhone.
The change was spotted by Leo Varela, who often leaks or highlights features in Edge and other browsers.
In Edge Canary for desktop there are a couple of new flags to enable support for signing in with an Apple account. Microsoft added support for Google accounts some time ago and has now added support for Apple accounts: https://t.co/34BBm0b3Wi pic.twitter.com/BNMrpB8pkOAugust 10, 2026
Microsoft did not initially plan to support non-Microsoft accounts within Edge. Google account support rolled out recently and now support for Apple accounts appears to be on the way.
Of course, you could use Edge without any account at all. The browser works without requiring signing in. But syncing data and some other features require using some sort of account to sign in.
It's interesting to see how Microsoft's cross-platform app strategy has shifted over the years. Some apps have been available on other platforms for over a decade, but Microsoft increased its efforts to have a presence on iOS and Android after shutting down Windows Phone.
With no phone operating system of its own, Microsoft aimed to provide a premier experience for its services on Android and iOS to meet people where they are. Microsoft bought up popular apps like Wunderlist and SwiftKey to make a Microsoft experience on mobile platforms made by Google and Apple.
Back in 2015, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella talked about his "iPhone Pro," which was just a normal iPhone with a bunch of Microsoft apps on it.
These days, several Microsoft apps feel like abandonware and others lag behind the competition. The glory days of the "iPhone Pro" are over.
I do appreciate flexibility when it comes to signing in to Edge, but I can't help but wonder if adding support for Google and Apple accounts is an admission that Microsoft can't even get people to use a Microsoft account in Microsoft Edge.
Rather than trying to force users into the Microsoft umbrella, the company seems to be accepting its mobile reality. It is finally conceding that to keep PC users on Edge, it has to let them live inside Google and Apple's account ecosystems instead.
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Microsoft PowerToys will soon add on-device support for Phi Silica. Microsoft called that small language model (SLM) "small but mighty" when announcing it in 2024. Now, that model is available for Advanced Paste in the latest PowerToys preview.
Advanced Paste is a utility in PowerToys that formats content from your clipboard. It supports several formats, including plain text, markdown, and JSON. You can also use it to extract text from images using OCR and transcode audio and video files.
When first launched, Advanced Paste required an OpenAI API key, but PowerToys later added support for other models. Azure OpenAI, OpenAI, Gemini, and Mistral are cloud services that work with Advanced Paste. Foundry Local and Ollama both work with the feature locally.
Phi Silica is now available as an option for local AI processing in the latest preview.
While you may not have heard of Phi Silica, you've likely heard of tools it powers if you have a Copilot+ PC. Click to Do and on-device rewriting in Word and Outlook are powered by Phi Silica.
Phi Silica uses the NPU of a device, which helps with efficiency.
The GitHub page for PowerToys lists all the changes in the latest preview. Here are the highlights from the same page:
View the changelog ↴
PowerToys has a growing library of utilities, so there's a lot to look at in the latest preview even if you do not care about AI. Command Palette will perform better and Window management has been improved across FancyZones, Grab And Move, and Always On Top.
Mouse Jump being moved to WinUI modernizes the utility and gets it in line with Microsoft's push to use WinUI across Windows.
WinUI 3 is the native framework for Windows. Microsoft is moving several key components of the OS to WinUI 3 and rebuilding that framework.
The latest preview of PowerToys also makes it possible for preview builds to be published and tested independently.
PowerToys | Free at GitHub | Free at Microsoft Store
This collection of utilities includes a large library of features to enhance the Windows experience. PowerToys is designed with power users in mind, but it has handy features for people who just use their PC for everyday computing too.
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Like millions of other people, I have a Windows 11 PC and an iPhone. I'm envious of some of the ways Macs and iPhones connect, but I still rely on Windows 11 for everyday work and my hobbies.
AirDrop is one of the features I want the most when looking over the digital fence at my friends who are fully in the Apple ecosystem. While you cannot use AirDrop on a PC, there are some great alternatives.
"Does anyone actually have a good way to transfer files between an iPhone and a Windows PC?" asked Reddit user Palunath in the r/Windows11 subreddit. Users responded with several options, but two stood out: Blip and LocalSend.
Reddit delivered with both those recommendations. I downloaded both and have used them over the last week. I'm hardly the first person to highlight these apps, but if people are asking for AirDrop alternatives on Windows 11, they likely haven't heard of Blip and LocalSend.
Transferring files is quicker and easier if both of your devices are on the same network, but Blip works when on different networks as well.
Blip is my top pick. It's easy to use, has an interface that feels familiar, and it's extremely fast. It's similar to AirDrop but without the Apple exclusivity.
Blip supports sending files and folders without any size limits (Blip's website says "99TB? Game on").
Not having to zip folders is a big plus, as is being able to send large photo files.
Blip is free for non-commercial use. If you're a business user or want priority speed, you can subscribe for $25 per user per month.
Signing up for Blip is easy and just requires entering your email and confirming the code you're sent.
Blip's website has download links for all supported platforms, including Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and Linux.
LocalSend works very well, but its structure has some pros and cons. Because it works through your network, it works without the internet. It's also incredibly fast, assuming your Wi-Fi network has quick speeds.
LocalSend doesn't require an account or logging in. Your devices from the network just appear within the app. You can mark devices as favorites to streamline sharing as well.
You can download LocalSend through its website (or just use the service through that site). LocalSend is free to use.
You can send files to a single recipient or multiple recipients as well, which makes LocalSend feel a bit more like AirDrop.
LocalSend is open-source, fully offline, and peer-to-peer, so it's a great choice for people who value privacy.
The obvious drawback is that LocalSend is for sending files locally. If you just need to send files at home or work when devices are on the same network, LocalSend provides a seamless experience.
Blip and LocalSend are made for sharing files on demand. If you want to sync entire folders or all of your files, you can use apps like OneDrive or iCloud.
In my experience, these apps are much slower at syncing and sending files, but they're a great way to back up content.
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Bumble was famously built around exclusively giving women the power to initiate messages in heterosexual matches when it first launched in 2014 - but now the times they are a-changin' for the dating app. Today, Bumble has announced a "global evolution to its signature conversation experience": anyone can now send the first message, and the deadline to respond before the match expires has been extended from 24 hours to a 72-hour window.
"While women making the first move was a radical idea, being women-first was never about prescribing just one way to connect. It was about designing an experience with women's needs in mind to create better o …
You've got the chance to score a toolkit upgrade that's a firm favorite among Tom's Hardware staff. This Hoto screwdriver has proven to be a personal lifesaver of mine, helping me during DIY projects and PC repairs alike. It's genuinely impressed me with its functionality, along with its battery life, over the last few months. Thanks to Amazon, you can pick up this upgraded Hoto electronic screwdriver set for $29.99, saving you 40% on its list price for a limited time only.
● Check out this deal at Amazon
This particular kit is an upgraded version of the one we've seen Hoto sell over recent months, with more driver bits and a more robust case for users. The 40% discount isn't quite a record low, but it's on the lower end of the scale, and it's still a good price for the kit you're getting here. This is a good upgrade for a PC builder or hobbyist, as well as for any DIY tasks at home.
This Hoto magnetic electronic screwdriver is powered by a 1,500 mAh battery, allowing you to drive over 1,000 screws on a single USB-C charge. It weighs 250g, features three different torque settings, and includes 25 ultra-hard screw bits, rated for 60HRC hardness on the Rockwell scale.View Deal
The 3.6V driver is the same model that several Tom's Hardware staffers own, and it comes with a 1,500 mAh battery that should reportedly allow you to drive over 1,000 screws without a charge. From my own use, that feels about right, as I've been using it almost every weekend since January and I've only needed to charge it once. USB-C charging is easy using the supplied cable, and it takes about two and a half hours to fully charge.
The driver is fully adjustable, with three torque settings, along with a sensor that stops driving as soon as you release control. It has a circular LED light at the top to help you see what you're driving, which is useful in those dark spaces, especially inside a PC case. The driver is magnetic, too, so you should find it easier to keep hold of any tiny screws.
The screwdriver and bits come with an upgraded storage case to help protect and organize the set while you're not using it. This is a nice upgrade over the circular casing that came with the earlier NEX O1 Pro kit, which, while compact, was a little tricky to open from time to time. You also get 24 different screw bits, along with an extended PH2 bit, which should cover all of the bases, giving you Phillips, Torx, flat, hexagon, and Pozidriv head options, which are all rated for 60HRC on the Rockwell scale.
This $29.99 25-piece Hoto screwdriver set is a must-buy for PC builders and DIYers, and the 40% discount makes it a good price. I wouldn't be without mine, and I've found it to be a particularly versatile driver to reach for when I need a lightweight driver with a bit of extra power.
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