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High in the Peruvian Andes, archaeologists working at an ancient pre-Hispanic settlement nearly 3,400 meters above sea level might not have expected to uncover evidence of sophisticated ancient technology.
However, that is precisely what was unearthed during excavations at the Wancasanga archaeological site, a location first identified more than three decades ago that is only now undergoing formal archaeological investigations.
There, archaeologists have uncovered a sophisticated complex of Inca storage structures, which they say appear to feature a carefully engineered ancient ventilation system, revealing how the natural movement of air at the site’s high altitude helped the area’s ancient residents preserve vital supplies.
Located on a summit known to locals as the Huaman Orco or Chauchabamba, Wancasanga overlooks the Condebamba Valley in Peru’s Cajamarca region. This year marked the official launch of the Wancasanga 2026 Archaeological Research Project, directed by archaeologist Jerry Solano Calderón.
As its first field season began, researchers focused excavations on an area designated Sector C, where archaeologists uncovered a dozen circular structures forming a crescent shape along the edge of the dig site. These buildings were identified as what archaeologists call colcas, a type of storage structure known throughout parts of the ancient Inca Empire that were primarily used to store agricultural products and other necessities.
However, as excavations continued, another structure was uncovered nearby that featured something more intriguing: elements resembling ventilation ducts.
“The ducts are made up of side walls built with hewn and partially dressed stone blocks, on top of which large slabs or flagstones were placed that would have functioned as a roof,” archaeologist Oswaldo Ezeta Latoche said, according to Peru’s Andina news agency.
“This configuration would have allowed the circulation of air inside the structures,” Latoche said.
In the past, archaeologists have documented airflow designs in colcas found elsewhere in the Inca Empire (a video demonstration of this can be found here courtesy of the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian). Latoche said the discoveries at Wancasanga resemble other colcas that have been found along the ancient Inca road system known as the Qhapaq Ñan, which feature such ventilation systems.
Within one of the structures, Latoche and colleagues working at the Wancasanga site have unearthed fragments of a type of Inca vessel known as an aryballos, which strongly suggests the structure had been a state-maintained facility, as other colcas were believed to have been.
One thing that makes the discovery intriguing to archaeologists is its location. The structures are located along the western edge of Sector C, where stronger winds would have been present.
“The structures are located towards the western end of sector C, an area exposed to a greater incidence of winds, a condition that would have favored the functioning of the ventilation ducts,” Calderón, the site’s lead archaeologist, said.
This seems to indicate that the structures were intentionally placed there, which would have allowed the natural mountain winds to circulate through the ventilation ducts. The result would have been an effective ancient cooling system, which may have helped preserve whatever items were stored inside.
Ongoing excavations at Wancasanga, which are being assisted by volunteers from the nearby community of Chauchabamba, will likely provide additional insights that will help archaeologists unravel the complete picture of the ancient Inca presence in the region, as well as the unique methods of storage and preservation that were employed at this high-altitude site.
For the time being, the discoveries provide a unique look at the engineering technology of the vast Inca Empire, and the use of natural resources like high Andean mountain wind as part of a surprisingly sophisticated system for extending the life of perishable resources.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
Jason Snell is a journalist, podcaster, and Jeopardy! contestant. The editor-in-chief of Macworld for 17 years, he currently runs the Apple-focused website Six Colors and appears regularly on several podcasts, including MacBreak Weekly and Upgrade. His latest podcast, Designed in California, details the 50-year history of Apple over 50 episodes.
We talked to Snell about some of his favorite apps for streamlining his podcasting and writing workflows.
My first day on the job at Macworld, Apple was perilously close to going out of business. It was the fall of 1997, and Steve Jobs had returned to Apple and engineered the ejection of Gil Amelio as CEO, but there was no iMac yet, no visible turnaround in terms of products at all. Beyond the release of the iconic “Think Different” ad campaign, there was nothing.
Apple’s survival hung by a thread. Steve Jobs asked everyone to trust him. At Macworld Expo, he had enlisted Bill Gates—Bill Gates, of all people!—to help him instill belief in the world that Apple would find a way to survive.
The world was skeptical, to say the least. My family asked what job I thought I’d get once Apple went out of business. The magazine I had worked at for four years, MacUser, had been folded, and some of us had been transferred over to our rival, Macworld, presumably to publish issues until Apple finally gave up the ghost and died. We existed to minimize the loss exposure of our respective publishing companies.
1997 was weird, folks. And that’s how my tenure at Macworld started.
The last two years at WWDC, Apple has felt like it’s been in a hurry. In 2024, in a hurry to catch the AI wave before it entirely passed them by. (They didn’t catch that wave—they wiped out, lost their surfboard, and may have been partially gnawed on by a shark.) Then last year it felt like it was trying to cover up its embarrassment about AI failures by rushing out a new design scheme that felt ill conceived, especially when it came to the Mac.
This year feels different. Apple is unveiling a second take on its AI plans, but it feels like they’ve spent the intervening two years trying to make sure that this time, it sticks. And when it comes to almost every other announcement at WWDC 2026, it feels like the company is taking stock, measuring twice, and cutting once. As famed basketball coach John Wooden warned his young charges, it’s important to be quick—but not to hurry.
Scientists working in the jungles of Borneo report an unsettling discovery: a parasitic organism that they say has a hunger for zombie fungi.
This “hyperparasite” fungus thrives, according to Malaysian scientists behind the discovery, by feeding on forms of fungi that are known to infect insects and temporarily take control of them before ultimately killing them.
The unusual fungus was discovered during field trips by researchers with the University of Malaysia Sabah’s Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, who have designated it a hyperparasite because of its unique strategy of feeding through parasitizing another parasite organism.
“The fungus belongs to the genus Pleurocordyceps and acts as a specialized hyperparasite,” said Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan, the institute’s deputy director, in a statement provided to AFP last week.
In the television show and related video game series, The Last of Us, a unique approach to the idea of a zombie apocalypse is presented, where humans can become infected by a novel variety of cordyceps. Fortunately, in real life, these parasitic fungi only manipulate insects by hijacking their nervous systems and temporarily taking control of their bodies for a time.
The infected insects begin engaging in erratic behavior as the parasitic fungus takes hold, which eventually fills their bodies and then bursts out in a final, gruesome death for the unlucky host.
The newly discovered “hyperparasite,” Pleurocordyceps cornusynnemata, garners its name from a distinctive horn-shaped appearance, and works by targeting insects—namely tropical ants—which have already been infected by a variety of zombie fungus known as Ophiocordyceps.
“Rather than manipulating the insect’s nervous system itself, Pleurocordyceps infiltrates and feeds directly on the thriving Ophiocordyceps tissue inside the host,” Seelan recently explained, adding that the unique fungus was discovered while investigating a dead ant specimen that was collected from the Danum Valley in southern Sabah.
Although Pleurocordyceps cornusynnemata is not the first hyperparasite fungus known to science, Seelan said it is the first recognized by science possessing its distinctive horn-shaped structure.
The research team with the University of Malaysia Sabah’s Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation also says they discovered a new species of fungus that similarly attacks and kills spiders by spreading its invasive spores throughout their bodies before death.
Despite their unsettling parasitic nature, scientists are very intrigued by cordyceps. One reason is that these fungi that can hijack and “zombify” the nervous systems of some insects also possess a range of health benefits when consumed by humans, which include boosting energy and athletic stamina, as well as supporting immune function and helping to reduce inflammation.
“These newly documented fungi hold immense potential,” Seelan told AFP, “both as sources for developing next-generation antimicrobial drugs and as highly effective biocontrol agents against agricultural pests.”
The team’s findings were published in a recent study, titled “Taxonomy and phylogeny of Pleurocordyceps (Polycephalomycetaceae, Hypocreales) associated with ants and cicadas from Malaysia, including a new species and new records,” which appeared in the journal Phytotaxa.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
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